Summer AD 124 – Hadrian tours Asia (part 3), visits Smyrna and Ephesus and sails to Athens (#Hadrian1900) FOLLOWING HADRIAN

After Pergamon and Sardis (see here), two different nice cities of western Asia had their flip to obtain Hadrian and his social gathering, Smyrna and Ephesus. Each metropoleis have been perennial rivals, competing with one another for first place within the province and the granting of the acclaimed title neokoros. Travelling with Hadrian was probably the most famend sophists of his time, Marcus Antonius Polemon, who was to make use of his rhetorical abilities for the good thing about his adopted residence, the Ionian metropolis of Smyrna (Philostr. VS 530–31).

Born in Laodicea on the Lycus in Phrygia, Polemon attended Smyrna’s colleges of rhetoric as a youth, the place he obtained civic honours from the residents for his providers to town. Considered one of Polemon’s abilities was to plead causes earlier than the rulers of the Empire. Trajan granted the orator the privilege of unrestricted journey, a favour later prolonged by Hadrian. He then grew to become an envoy to Hadrian and served on many missions for the Emperor, together with delivering the inauguration speech on the consecration of the Olympieion at Athens in 131/132. In accordance with Philostratus (VS 1.25.1–4), Polemon persuaded Hadrian to spend ten million drachmae on Smyrna in a single day, from which town constructed a “grain market, probably the most magnificent of all these in Asia” and “a temple that may be seen from afar”.

Smyrna has an extended historical past and is historically thought-about to be the birthplace of Homer (Strabo 14.1.37). It was based by the Aeolians at the start of the primary millennium BC and later by the Ionians. Smyrna rapidly grew to become an vital seaport and a thriving industrial centre on the Aegean coast. It was famend as probably the most magnificent cities in Asia Minor (Strabo 14.646). Positioned about forty miles north of Ephesus, it occupied a stupendous territory on the mouth of a gulf. The Ionian metropolis first rose to prominence throughout the Archaic Interval as one of many principal historical Greek settlements in western Anatolia. The unique city, now known as “Outdated Smyrna”, was positioned northeast of the Gulf of Smyrna. It was recognized for its magnificent temple, which was devoted to Athena. Nonetheless, Outdated Smyrna was attacked and destroyed by the Lydian king Alyattes round 627 BC, and it remained deserted for 400 years.

Smyrna was re-established throughout the time of Alexander the Great. A brand new and bigger metropolis was constructed on the slope of Mount Pagus. Legend has it that whereas on a looking expedition there, the Macedonian king fell asleep beneath a tree and had a dream wherein two Nemeses instructed him to construct a metropolis on that very spot. Mount Pagus then grew to become the acropolis of New Smyrna. Nonetheless, Alexander didn’t stay to hold this plan into impact, which was solely completed by his successors Antigonus and Lysimachus. Nemesis first appeared on Smyrnean cash within the 1st century AD and have become extra frequent within the 2nd century, with the introduction of the double Nemesis throughout the reign of Hadrian. Smyrna’s founding fable of Alexander’s hunt on Mount Pagos will need to have caught the eye of the Emperor, who had simply skilled a profitable bear hunt in Mysia (see here). His looking actions within the space additionally left such a deep impression on the residents of Stratonicea-Hadrianopolis that they later worshipped him as Zeus Kynegesios (Zeus the Hunter).

The brand new Hellenistic metropolis (New Smyrna) was positioned twenty stadia south of Outdated Smyrna. It was famend amongst historical writers for its magnificence, effective wines, lovely buildings, and wealth. In accordance with Strabo (Strab. 14.1.37), the streets of Smyrna have been properly paved with stone, and town contained a number of squares, porticoes, fountains, a public library, and quite a few temples and different public buildings. A temple devoted to Zeus Akraios (Zeus dwelling on the tops of mountains) stood on the slopes of Mount Pagus, and town possessed a harbour the place the Temple of the Mom Goddess and the gymnasium stood. Strabo additionally mentions a “Homereium, a quadrangular portico containing a shrine and wood statue of Homer. For the Smyrnaeans, above all others, urge the claims of their metropolis to be the birthplace of Homer, they usually have a kind of brass cash.” The cash, a testomony to Homer’s standing in Smyrna, present him on the reverse seated, holding a scroll and resting his chin on his hand in a contemplative pose.

After establishing the Roman Province of Asia in 133 BC, Smyrna was rewarded with varied grants and privileges, having sided with the Romans in opposition to the conflict with Mithridates. In AD 26, town grew to become a significant centre for the imperial cult and was granted the privilege of constructing a neighborhood temple for Emperor Tiberius, incomes the title of first neokoria. Cash struck between AD 29/30 and 34/35 throughout the administration of the proconsul Publius Petronius depicted Tiberius as pontifex in his accomplished temple on the reverse with Tiberius’ mom Livia and the personified Senate on the obverse (RPC I, 2469).

Due to Polemon’s interventions, Smyrna was allowed to construct a second provincial temple devoted to Hadrian and purchased the title of neokoros for the second time. Hadrian thus grew to become the primary emperor to permit a couple of metropolis in the identical koinon (provincial league) to construct a provincial temple to his personal cult: first, Cyzicus (see here), then Smyrna, and later Ephesus (Burrell, 2003 & 2004). Hadrian’s beneficiant items and benefactions to Smyrna throughout his go to in the summertime of 124 are detailed in Philostratus’ Lives of the Sophists and confirmed by an inscription (Smyrna 54).

Polemon so fully transformed Hadrian to the reason for Smyrna [from that of Ephesus] that in in the future the Emperor lavished on Smyrna ten million [drachmae], with which have been constructed a corn market a gymnasium—probably the most magnificent of all these in Asia, and a temple that may be seen from afar, the one on the promontory that appears to problem Mimas. Philostratos, Lives of the Sophists 1.25.2 (531)

The forty-five-line inscription lists the benefactions of Hadrian, as talked about by Philostratus, together with twenty-five different women and men, in addition to the collective contributions of the Jews and the items they gave towards the development and embellishment of the gymnasium advanced (Boatwright, 2000). The grandeur of this constructing is obvious from the talked about items, comparable to a basilica with bronze doorways, a columned anointing room with a gilt roof, a porticoed palm courtroom with gardens, a temple of Tyche, and a sunroom (Burrell, 2004). The passage of Hadrian’s benefactions obtained by way of Polemon (strains 33–42) studies the second neocoria, competition video games, the appointments of theologoi and hymnodoi, an ideal sum of cash (though it differs from Philoststratos’ account), and columns for the gymnasium itself “… we obtained from the Lord Caesar Hadrian by way of Antonius Polemo: a second decree of the Senate by way of which we now have change into twice neōkoroi, a sacred contest, tax exemption, theologoi, hymnōdoi, a million and 5 hundred thousand, for the aleiptērion 72 pillars from Synnada, 20 Numidian, 6 of porphyry.”

The granting of the second neokoria is attested by one other inscription (Smyrna 93), a presumably imperial letter confirming this particular honour and mentioning the Roman consuls in workplace in AD 124. On this foundation, this date is regarded because the terminus publish quem for the inscription. The façade of a six-column Ionic temple can be seen on the reverse of the cash of Hadrian issued in Smyrna beneath the administration of Strategos Sextus (RPC III, 1970). Whether or not these cash characterize the second provincial temple can’t be confirmed because the legend ‘neokoros’ is absent, and the identical temple seems on the cash beneath Nero (RPC I, 2489). The primary neokoros legend seems on the cash struck beneath Caracalla, which particularly identifies the temple of Hadrian among the many three for which Smyrna was neokoros and reveals his cuirassed determine because the cult picture inside it. The legend on the reverse of the coin proclaims town as “thrice neokoros of the Augusti” (see here).

Archaeologically, no concrete proof has been found to show the existence of the temple of Hadrian in Smyrna. Nonetheless, Philostratus’ topographical remarks could assist find and determine the sacred place. The stays of the temenos of a giant east-facing temple and scattered items of marble have been unearthed straight overlooking the gulf within the Değirmentepe neighbourhood of Izmir in 1824/1825. The position matches Philostratus’ description. This web site might be described as an akra (that means a top or a cape on the seacoast) and is seen from afar, located on town’s northwestern edge, closest to Mimas, a mountain vary that runs throughout the Erythrae peninsula (Boatwright 2000 & Burrell, 2004). The temple’s foundations have been dated by the nineteenth-century investigator Graf Anton Prokesch von Osten, who attributed them to the Hadrianic or Antonine interval. Von Osten inferred that the temple initially had ten Corinthian columns on its brief facet and maybe twenty-three on its lengthy facet (dimensions similar to these of the Temple of Olympieion Zeus).

With no certainty as to whom the temple was devoted, some students have claimed that Asclepius (talked about by Pausanias 7.5.9), Zeus Akraios, or Hadrian have been the deities worshipped there. Mary T. Boatwright means that the temple was initially devoted to Zeus Akraios and was later transferred to belong to the cult of Hadrian when town gained the second title of neokoros. Burrell, nevertheless, argues that the temple was devoted to the worship of Hadrian himself, “neither with nor as Zeus”, as in Cyzicus and Ephesus (Burrell, 2002).

Along with the sacred competition granted by Hadrian in 124, wherein Polemon served as agonothetes, town of Smyrna later established the Hadrianeia Olympia athletic video games following Hadrian’s second go to to town. These video games included musical and dramatic competitions and have been thought-about essential, as many Smyrnaeans who gained have been honoured of their metropolis and overseas (Tataki, 2009). The sacred video games have been held within the stadium of Smyrna, the place the Smyrnaeans devoted altars to Hadrian Olympios (Smyrna 106 & Smyrna 104). Associations, too, honoured the Emperor. The provoke (mystai) of Dionysos Breiseus arrange a monument in honour of Hadrian, “Olympios, saviour, and founder”. Smyrna’s gratitude in the direction of Hadrian was additional expressed by taking the title Hadriane (Birley, 1997).

The initiates (mystai) of the good Dionysos Breiseus earlier than town honoured emperor Trajan Hadrian Caesar Augustus Olympios, saviour and founder. This was carried out beneath the supervision of Dikaios Heliodoros, son of Alexandros, their very own treasurer (tamias).

Polemon continued to behave on behalf of Smyrna to the top of his life. Following his appointment as Smyrna’s strategos ca. 134/135, he issued a formidable variety of medallions of Antinous, in addition to cash for Hadrian as Zeus (RPC III, 1972) and Sabina (RPC III, 1974). The Antinous medallions painting animals related to the cults of Dionysus, Hermes, and Attis (Males): a feminine panther, a ram, and a bull, linking the Bithynian boy with these deities.

The rivalry between Smyrna and its neighbours, Ephesos and Pergamon, continued within the following years. Every of the three cities claimed to be metropolis of Asia, and all stored a jealous eye on the others’ honours and titles. In ca. AD 143, Polemon was appointed to defend ‘the temples and their rights’ earlier than the Emperor. This mission was most likely ‘necessitated by some query of relationships amongst rival neokoroi cities within the koinon’ (Burrell, 2004). A letter from Antoninus Pius (see here) additional signifies that there was a dispute between the three cities in regards to the correct use of honorific titles. The tense state of affairs continued till the time of Marcus Aurelius when the well-known orator Aelius Aristides pleaded earlier than the provincial meeting for the institution of harmony (homonoia) between the three cities (Aristid. Or. 23).

After Polemon’s demise, probably the most vital orators who made Smyrna his residence and his trigger was Aelius Aristides (AD 117-181). He pleaded earlier than the provincial meeting for the institution of harmony (homonoia) between Smyrna, Ephesos and Pergamon (Aristid. Or. 23). In AD 178, a main earthquake hit Smyrna, destroying many of the metropolis. Aristides wrote a letter of enchantment to the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus (Aristid. Or. 19) that was so instrumental in securing imperial funds for rebuilding that Philostratus would write, “To say that Aristides based Smyrna isn’t any mere boastful eulogy however most simply and true.” (Philostr. VS 582-583). A bronze statue of Aristides was arrange within the market of Smyrna, inscribed, “For his goodness and speeches”.

The rebuilding efforts commenced quickly after the earthquake with help from Marcus Aurelius, as evidenced by an outline of his spouse, Faustina the Youthful, nonetheless discernible above an arch of the western colonnade of the Agora (see here). One distinguished determine who ruled Smyrna within the Third century AD was Cassius Dio, the well-known Roman statesman and chronicler well-known for his 80-volume Roman Historical past and his account of Hadrian’s reign. Emperor Macrinus appointed him to this esteemed place in AD 218.

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From Smyrna, Hadrian appears to have visited Erythrae on the coast dealing with Chios, apparently travelling by ship (Birley, 2007). Town based a competition known as the Megala Hadrianeia Epibateria (‘Nice Hadrianic Touchdown Pageant’), which, as its title suggests, celebrated Hadrian’s go to to the Erythrae peninsula (Erythrai 94).

The homeland and the sacred theatrical synod honoured Antonia Tyrannis Juliane, who was director of contests for the Nice Hadrianeian Epibaterian contests in a wonderful and reliable method. They arrange the statue from their very own assets.

In accordance with Pausanias (7.3.7), Erythrae was based by Cretan settlers beneath the management of Erythros the Pink, son of Rhadamanthys. Afterwards, town was expanded and improved by the Ionian colonists led by Knopos, a descendent of Kodros, the final legendary Athenian king (Strab. 14.633). The eponymous hero Erythros is explicitly talked about as such on a coin from the mid-Third century AD -ΕΡΥΘΡΟΣ ΚΤΙΣΤΗΣ ΕΡΥ (‘Erythros, founding father of the Ery(thraeans)- (RPC VI 4720). Nonetheless, Erythrae had a multi-ethnic inhabitants with Lycians, Carians, and Pamphylians, additionally referred to by literary sources. Erythrae had a proud historical past to look again on because it belonged to the Panionion (or Ionian League), the political league of twelve Ionian cities, based within the mid-Seventh century BC. It consisted of the next cities: Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Teos, Colophon, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Phocaea, Samos, Chios, and later Smyrna was added. This union served as a method of strengthening the nationwide, social, and political cohesion of various populations that got here from mainland Greece. 

Town was notable for being the seat of the Erythraean sibyls, Herophile and Athenais, the prophetesses presiding over the Apollonian oracle. Herophile is commonly credited for having predicted each the approaching of Alexander the Nice and the Greek victory of Troy and Homer’s telling of the story. In Christian custom, nevertheless, the Sybil can be mentioned to have prophesied the approaching of the Redeemer with the acrostic “ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΧΡΕΙΣΤΟΣ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ ΣΩΤΗΡ ΣΤΑΥΡΟΣ” (“Jesus Christ, God’s Son, Savior, Cross”).

After the demise of Attalos III in 133 BC, the Pergamene kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, and Erythrae flourished as a free metropolis (civitas libera) hooked up to the Roman province of Asia. Nonetheless, its significance pale after the earthquakes of that area within the 1st century AD. In his Description of Greece, Pausanias writes {that a} temple of Athena Polias stood on the Acropolis and an enormous wood picture of her sitting on a throne (Paus. 7.5.9). The temple was constructed within the second half of the eighth century BC and was expanded with varied additions within the Seventh and sixth centuries BC. Terracotta goddess figures have been excavated within the jap a part of the temple, and Kore sculptures dated to the sixth century BC (see here).

The Hellenistic theatre at Erythrae, reduce into the north slope of the Acropolis hill and constructed within the 4th century BC, was restored in AD 124 on the event of the go to to Hadrian to town when the cavea and the analemma partitions of the double diazoma have been repaired. The orchestra was reworked into an enviornment presently or later.

The Panionian League actually appealed to Hadrian. At Teos, the Emperor was to be honoured with the title “Panionio” (Πανιώνιος) towards the top of his reign, granted to him by the Ionian League together with his titles Olympios and Panhellenios. The seat and sacred assembly place of the Ionians was known as Panionion and was positioned north of Mykale, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Smyrna (reverse Samos). There, the Panionian video games passed off in honour of Poseidon Helikonios, which included annual festivals and libations and featured, amongst different issues, poetic competitions. Herodotus describes it as follows:

The Panionion is a sacred floor in Mykale, dealing with north; it was set aside for Poseidon of Helicon by the joint will of the Ionians. Mykale is a western promontory of the mainland reverse Samos; the Ionians used to assemble there from their cities and hold the competition to which they gave the title of Panionia. Not solely the Ionian festivals, however all these of all of the Greeks alike, finish in the identical letter, simply as do the names of the Persians. (Hdt. 1.148)

The Panionion was a sacred precinct positioned on the highest of a hill on the northern facet of Mykale. A monumental altar (4.26 m × 17.78 m), presumed to be the altar of Poseidon, surrounded by an unfinished temenos wall, was excavated by German archaeologists within the late Fifties. On the foot of the hill, 50 m (160 ft) southwest of the altar, is a small theatre reduce into stable rock with a diameter of 32 metres and 11 rows of seats. The traditional stays date from the 4th century BC and characterize the youthful Panionion when the Ionian League tried to revive the cult of Poseidon Helikonios (Diod. Sic. 15.49.1).

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The precise touchdown location of the imperial flotilla after departing from Erythrae is unsure. They possible landed in Teos, residence to the biggest temple of Dionysus in Anatolia, and in Notium, the port of Colophon, a metropolis that held a distinguished function within the Ionian League (Birley, 2007). Teos was a thriving seaport boasting two wonderful harbours and a member of the Panionium. Its Hellenistic Temple of Dionysus was an architectural masterpiece, mentioned by Vitruvius to have been designed by the well-known architect Hermogenes of Priene, to whom he additionally attributes the design of the Hellenistic temple of Artemis Leukophryene at Magnesia on the Maeander (Vitr. De Arch. 7.praef.12).

The Teian sanctuary of Dionysus, constructed within the final quarter of the Third century BC, consisted of a trapezoidal temenos that lined a big space of 8,869m2 (Kadıoğlu, 2020). It was surrounded by stoas in Doric, Ionic, and blended Doric-Ionic orders. An altar with stairs stood to the east, and a newly found propylon served because the sanctuary’s primary entrance. The temple itself, constructed fully of marble within the Ionic order, had eleven columns on the longer facet and 6 on the shorter facet, measuring 18.50 m x 35 m. Whereas some of the varied architectural stays scattered across the temple are of Hellenistic origin, the surviving temple belongs to the Roman interval. The temple underwent in depth repairs throughout the reigns of Augustus and Hadrian, probably on account of an earthquake in 14 BC. A fragmentary inscription on an architrave (Teos 76) attests to Hadrian’s duty for restoring the temple. The choice to revive the temple at Teos was possible taken throughout Hadrian’s visits to Teos in 124, 129 and 131.

Αὐτοκράτω[ρ Καῖσαρ]| Θεοῦ Τρ|[α]ϊαν|οῦ Πα|[ρθικοῦ υἱ]|ὸς Θεο|[ῦ Νέρου]|α υ[ἱωνὸς Τραϊανὸς Ἁδριανὸς Σεβαστὸς Ὀλύμπιος Πανελλήνιος —]
Παν[ι]ώνιο[ς ἀρχιερεὺ]|ς μέγι|[σ]τος| δημ|[αρχικῆς ἐξου]|σίας| [τὸ ․, ὕπατ]|ος τ̣|[ὸ —]

The inscription, dated to AD 132/8, celebrates Hadrian as Olympios, Panhellenios and Panionios, the latter epithet conferred on the Emperor by the Ionian Koinon and restricted to Ionia itself (Robert, 1946). The picture of Dionysus seems on the reverse of Teian bronze cash struck beneath Hadrian, displaying him beardless, standing, and resting on an oblong pedestal (RPC III, 1998).

Town of Colophon and its harbour at Notium could have been anticipating a go to. It was the house of the Greek epic and elegiac poet Antimachus (ca. 400 BC), whom Hadrian thought-about superior to Homer. Antimachus wrote an epic, the Thebais, and an elegy on his lifeless love, Lyde, each characterised by excessive size and various mythological episodes. The Emperor’s approval ensured the poet gained public recognition, “whose very title had beforehand been unknown to many” (Dio, 69.4.6). Notium was positioned on a hill overlooking the ocean. It served as a port for close by Colophon, and pilgrims often handed by way of it on their option to the famed oracular sanctuary of Apollo at Claros. 

It’s tough to doubt an imperial go to to the Apollo oracle at Claros, probably the most vital sights and sacred locations in antiquity (Birley, 2007). Epigraphic proof means that Hadrian was related to restorations within the sanctuary of Apollo at Claros, the place the god Apollo was worshipped alongside his sister Artemis and his mom, Leto. Proof of cultic exercise on the sanctuary can be traced again to the early Iron Age, if not earlier, however the development of the monumental temple started within the 4th century BC. The earliest point out of Claros is within the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (see here) from the Seventh century BC. Throughout this era, a number of altars and a marble temple devoted to Apollo have been constructed close to a sacred spring. Later, within the Third century BC, varied vital constructions and cult statues of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto have been constructed, together with a bigger Doric Temple of Apollo.

The oracular sanctuary consisted of assorted buildings, such because the temple itself, an altar, treasuries, and different constructions that have been related to the oracle’s actions. The temple was constructed between the 4th and Third centuries BC on the location of an earlier sacred constructing and was restored throughout the reign of Hadrian. The brand new temple was constructed on a five-stepped platform with dimensions of 26 × 46 m and had six columns on the slim sides and eleven on the lengthy sides.

Throughout the early days of the Roman Empire, the Clarian oracle grew to become extremely popular, attracting a lot of guests who sought its counsel. Rulers, people and cities extremely regarded the prophecies, and their fame was worldwide. In AD 18, Germanicus visited the oracle throughout his travels within the East and obtained a surprising prediction. The seer predicted that he would quickly meet his finish. This prediction got here true only a 12 months later when he handed away in Syrian Antioch (Antakya) on the younger age of 34. Tacitus, who had possible visited the identical oracle himself ten years prior as proconsul of Asia, described the process for receiving an oracle. He was stunned to find that, not like Delphi, no priestess was current however a male priest who spoke on behalf of Apollo (Tac. Ann. 2.54).

The oracular sanctuary consisted of assorted buildings, such because the temple itself, an altar, treasuries, and different constructions that have been related to the oracle’s actions. The temple was constructed between the 4th and Third centuries BC on the location of an earlier sacred constructing and was accomplished throughout the reign of Hadrian. The brand new temple was constructed on a five-stepped platform with dimensions of 23 × 44 m and had six columns on the slim sides and eleven on the lengthy sides.

Quite a few monuments have been constructed throughout the Roman Interval, and up to date excavations have revealed that the sanctuary underwent vital modifications throughout the first half of the 2nd century AD. Hadrian performed a significant function in restoring and finishing the temple. A fragmented dedication of the temple of Apollo wherein he is hailed as Olympios, Panhellenios and Panionios mentions Hadrian because the dedicator. The choice to revive the temple at Claros was possible taken throughout his go to in 124 (or 129), whereas the terminus publish quem for the temple’s restoration is December 135 based mostly on Hadrian’s titulature (Ferrary, 2000). Hadrian financed the entablature of the temple’s facade, which supported six columns and 5 extra columns on every lengthy facet (Moretti, 2012). Nonetheless, the temple was nonetheless not accomplished thirty or forty years after Hadrian’s demise. Pausanias (7.5.4) mentions that the sanctuary of Apollo at Claros, together with that of Didyma, have been unfinished buildings.

Αυτοκράτωρ Καΐσ[αρ θεού Τραιαν]οΰ Παρθικού ύός θεού Νέρβα υίω[νός Τραϊανός Αδριανός Σεβαστός, άρχιερεύς μέγιστος,] δημ[αρχικής εξουσίας το (–), αύ]το κράτωρ το δε[ύτερον, ύπατος] το (τρίτον), ‘Ολύμπιος και Πανελλήν[ιος και Πανιώνιος — ]

Hadrian is thought to have supported oracles, and through his reign, Delphi noticed a short-lived revival through his patronage. Hadrian’s go to to Claros suggests his profound curiosity in non secular and cultural websites. He possible participated in rituals, made choices, and sought recommendation from Apollo’s oracle. Hadrian was to change into eponymous prytanis (native Justice of the Peace) of Colophon, chargeable for the environment friendly functioning of the shrine (Boatwright, 2000). Two inscriptions present that Hadrian agreed to be the eponymous prytanis (see here #16).

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There may be robust proof that Hadrian was later current at Ephesus, the ‘first and biggest metropolis in Asia’. There, he gave audiences to embassies. One of many embassies he obtained was from the mountains of northern Lycia, three members of the council of the Termessians in Oenoanda, who had come to ask the Emperor’s approval for the institution by C. Iulius Demosthenes of a brand new thymelic contest, the Demostheneia, in Oenoanda. On 29 August, Hadrian wrote to the demos of the Termessians, expressing his approval of the musical competitors and the situations of the muse. The letter that the three envoys took again with them is dated 29 August and ends ‘from Ephesus’ (SEG 38.1462).

The letter of Hadrian was inscribed on stone and displayed in Oenoanda, along with 4 different paperwork which file the institution of the competition. This 117-line inscription reveals that Oenoanda’s Demostheneia competition was to be held each fourth 12 months and was fully funded by Demosthenes’ personal assets. It specifies the price of every competition (4,450 denarii per celebration), with many of the expenditure going in the direction of prize cash for every victor. The musical and theatrical competition commenced on Augustus’ day within the month of Artemeisios (1 July), and the varied occasions, together with music competitions, vocal performances, and theatrical contests, have been unfold over 22 days. Moreover, the competition featured rituals honouring the Emperor, processions by way of town with animal sacrifices, and a banquet. The competition continued to function as late as 233 (Chaniotis, 2011).

English translation of Hadrian’s letter: The Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus, son of the god Trajan Particus and grandson of the god Nerva Germanicus, pontifex maximus, with tribunician energy for the eighth time, consul for the third time, greets the magistrates, council and other people of the Termessians. I reward Iulius Demosthenes for the patriotic zeal (philotimia) he has proven to you, and I verify the musical competitors which he has promised to you. He himself will contribute the associated fee from his personal treasuries. Let the penalties which he has fastened in opposition to those that contravene what he has fastened regarding his reward be enforced. The ambassadors have been Artemon son of Diogenes Tobolasios, Simonides, son, grandson, and nice grandson of Simonides, and Mertius Apelles. Farewell. 29 August, from Ephesus.

Gaius Iulius Demosthenes was a Roman knight and one of many wealthiest and most distinguished residents of Oenoanda. He was the son of Gaius Iulius Apollonios. The household most likely acquired Roman citizenship beneath Caesar or Augustus, as their nomen gentilicium Iulius signifies. His profession as a Roman knight possible dates again to the late 1st century AD. His profession (tres militiae) included the legionary tribunate within the Legio VI Ferrata (IGR III 500). In Syria, he was praefectus of the Ala VII Phrygum. Below Trajan, he was given the publish of centenarian procurator in Sicily (IGR III 487). After that, his profession as a knight ended for causes that weren’t fully clear. From then on, he was concerned in his hometown and the Lycian League.

It shouldn’t be clear what precisely Hadrian did at Ephesus. He could have travelled to Samos throughout the bay or Magnesia on the Maeander a number of miles inland (Birley, 1997). Moreover, Ephesus was honoured with a second go to in 129 and maybe a 3rd in 131. His visits resulted in a number of monuments and benefactions, though most of them appear associated to the second. This consists of granting Ephesus its second neokoria within the early 130s by permitting town to construct a temple for his cult, though this grant could not have been linked to any particular go to (Burrell, 2004). For his benefactions, Hadrian was celebrated as their founder and saviour by the boule (council) and demos (individuals) of Ephesus. A dedicatory inscription dated to 129 honoured the Emperor for his unsurpassed items to Artemis (the sanctuary gained the suitable of receiving legacies), for allowing the Ephesians to import grain from Egypt in addition to for making the harbours navigable and diverting the Cayster (Kaystros) River (Ephesos 1007).

For the primary go to of 124, an inscription data that the native ephebes (younger performers) sang hymns within the theatre for the emperor, who listened to the efficiency with pleasure (Ephesos 603). The inscription doesn’t have a particular date, however the absence of Olympios in Hadrian’s titulature (a title bestowed from 129 onwards) suggests a reference to the primary go to. The ceremony, overseen by Titus Flavius Potamon, the president of the gymnasium, was meant to draw the Graeculus (“Greekling”) emperor, who had a selected fondness for historical non secular ceremonies and Panhellenic worship.

When Titus Flavius Potamon, the fatherland-loving and emperor-loving, was president of the gymnasium, and the lord emperor Trajan Hadrian Caesar Augustus was staying within the metropolis, the ephebes sang hymns of the emperor who listened [kindly] within the theatre, when ?lios Severus, son of a senator, was priest, who additionally […] and wore the golden clothes officiating [for the Augustus in the] metropolis and offered the ephebic youth [when he sacrificed] within the temple of Artemis. The brand new archon [Tib(erius) Claudius] Trophimos emperor-loving, admirable, [son?] of Tib(erius) Claudius Aristion the youthful, president of the ephebes, [Cusonius]? Epigonos. (Translation: Aitor Blanco Pérez)

One other inscription that may be moderately related to this go to is a dedication of a statue of Hadrian by an affiliation of chrysophoroi of Artemis, who consisted of sacred monks and victorious athletes of the Artemision charged with guarding the objects of the goddess (Ephesos 1001). The dedication is dated to the proconsular governorship of Quintus Pompeius Falco (123/124), and the erection of the statue was supervised by the winner of the Pythian video games, Marcus Antonius Artemidorus, a priest who was most likely a descendant of Mark Antony (Bowie, 2012).

Two different statues, one in all Hadrian (Ephesos 1003) and the opposite of Sabina (Ephesos 1002), have been additionally possible erected presently by the Council and Folks of Ephesus. The dedications are dated to the proconsulate of Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus (124/125), the successor of Falco. The person who supervised the erection of Hadrian’s statue was one of many highest metropolis magistrates, Tiberius Claudius Italicus, who served as grammateus of the demos (secretary of the individuals), whereas Sabina’s dedication named Tiberius Claudius Pius Pisoninus, who was later honoured at Teos as “ancestral benefactor” by the initiates (mystai) of the god Dionysos Setaneios with a statue and an altar (Teos 117). A portrait of Hadrian, which can have been commissioned in reference to the statue erected to commemorate his go to to town in 124, was found among the many ruins of the Gate of Mazeus and Mithridates (see here). 

Ephesus was a big port and commerce metropolis positioned on the mouth of the Cayster River. Its strategic place gave town significance in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea, with highways connecting it with the opposite main cities of the Empire. Nonetheless, from the development of the primary temple of Artemis round 800 BC on a shoreline of Ephesus to its destruction a thousand years later by an earthquake, the individuals of Ephesus regularly struggled with the affect of colluvium and alluvium sedimentary processes. Over time, the continuous silting of the Cayster River pressured the inhabitants to recurrently shift the harbours westward.

Livy commented on the character of the doorway to the harbour of Ephesus and reported that the mouth of the Ephesian port was “like a river, lengthy, slim, and stuffed with shoals” (Liv. 37.14.6) whereas Strabo famous that the harbour engineering efforts there, comparable to the development of a mole to forestall siltation, as an alternative created a sediment lure that made issues worse (Strab. 14.1.24–25). The harbour was first rebuilt within the Hellenistic interval, and there have been a number of makes an attempt to wash and keep it in the instances of Nero. Hadrian tried to enhance the navigability of the harbours by setting up a dam to divert the Cayster River and cease the sediment movement into the harbour.

Entry from the city to the jetty was permitted through monumental gates. Hadrian constructed the Center Harbour Gate on the finish of the Harbour Avenue (Arcadiane) Avenue. The gate, constructed within the Ionic order, comprised three passageways and 4 canopies resting on columns. This gate, constructed by Hadrian, was in use for over a century however was possible destroyed by earthquakes within the Third or 4th century AD. Along with the Center Harbour Gate, two extra gates, the southern and northern gates, have been constructed within the 1st half of the Third century AD and mid-Third century AD.

At Ephesus, Hadrian would have admired the gorgeous library that Tiberius Iulius Aquila Polmaeanus was constructing there in reminiscence of his father, Celsus Polemaeanus, who served as governor of Asia in 105-106 throughout the reign of Trajan. Celsus, born to a Greek household of monks from both Ephesus or Sardis, bequeathed the cash for constructing the library in his will. The library contained 12,000 scrolls, stored on wood cabinets in wall niches. Nonetheless, the constructing was additionally meant to function his mausoleum. Under the apse ground, a crypt contained Celsus’s adorned marble sarcophagus (see here), a particular honour reflecting his distinguished function as a public official. Celsus’ son died earlier than the completion of the library, and one other rich Ephesian, Tiberius Claudius Aristion, took over the development. The library had a lavishly embellished facade with reduction carvings following the patterns of the facades of Roman theatres (scaenae frons), typical of the architectural type prevalent within the interval beneath Hadrian. A letter from Hadrian congratulating Aquila on the library’s development additionally appears to have been inscribed on the façade (Ephesos 189).

Nonetheless, Ephesus was well-known in its time for the close by Temple of Artemis, the Artemision, a masterpiece of Ionic structure that was regarded as one in all the Seven Wonders of the Historic World. The temple was the biggest constructing within the Greek world and was destroyed and rebuilt a number of instances. In accordance with Pliny (NH 36.95), it measured 129 metres (425 ft) in size and 69 meters (225 ft) in width and featured 127 columns, every 18.3 metres (60 ft) excessive and 1.2 metres (4 ft) in diameter, nearly double the scale of the Fifth-century BC Parthenon at Athens. Pausanias affirms that the temples of Ionia have been with out rivals, however surpassing all was the Ephesian Artemision (Paus. 4.31.8).

The sanctuary gained nice fame within the sixth century BC when the Lydian king Croesus (r. 560-546 BC) financed the development of an impressive new temple to Artemis. Nonetheless, the temple was destroyed by fireplace by a person named Herostratus in 356 BC, in line with custom, on the identical evening Alexander the Nice was born. The Ephesians instantly began the development of an much more lovely temple. This is the construction that Hadrian noticed when he visited Ephesus.

The picture of Artemis Ephesus, which differs immensely from the huntress Artemis iconography, was reproduced an infinite variety of instances on cash, votive statuettes and votive choices. Cistophoric tetradrachms minted at Ephesus cash join Hadrian (RPC III, 1328) and Sabina (RPC III, 2081) with the good goddess Artemis, who’s depicted standing in her temple or between two stags. Roman copies of the Artemis statue retaining its archaic traits have been unearthed throughout excavations within the Prytaneum. Considered one of Artemis’ traits is that she protects fertility, and the egg-shaped objects lining her chest have been variously recognized as feminine breasts, eggs or bull’s testicles, all symbols related to fertility.

A rich Ephesian citizen named P. Quintilius Valens Varius constructed and devoted a small monument alongside Curetes Avenue, one of many chief thoroughfares of Ephesus, which he devoted to Hadrian, but in addition to Artemis and the demos of Ephesus when town was nonetheless as soon as neokoros (Ephesos 290). The monument, recognized erroneously because the Temple of Hadrian, was sponsored in 119, together with the encircling bathtub advanced, and is subsequently not linked to Hadrian’s presence within the metropolis in 124. The temple-like prostyle constructing is of modest dimensions however intricately adorned and embellished with sculptures. The unique objective of the constructing stays unknown. It was beforehand thought to be an official cult temple of Hadrian as a result of Ephesus had been given permission to construct such a construction. Nonetheless, this interpretation has been disproven, however researchers extensively and infrequently controversially focus on questions on its perform.

The unique perform of the temple-like construction stays open to interpretation. It was lengthy assumed to have been an official cult temple of the emperor Hadrian as a result of Ephesus obtained permission to assemble such a constructing. Nonetheless, this interpretation has been refuted since it hardly appears attainable that the Ephesians would have honoured Hadrian with such a small temple. Burrell has prompt a street-side shrine.

The constructing is a tetrastyle prostyle temple with wealthy architectural and sculptural decorations. Two Corinthian columns and two pillars on the perimeters help the entablature with a curved Syrian-type pediment embellished with floral patterns and bearing a reduction of Tyche. The goddess of victory is sporting a crown depicting the partitions and towers of town. Behind the arch is an rectangular pronaos, the inside space of the temple’s portico. It has a door opening topped by a tympanum, a semi-circular reduction depicting the gorgon Medusa amongst acanthus leaves and scrolls. The door results in the cella, the monument’s inside, the place a Hadrian statue could have stood. The cella measured 7.50m in width and 5m in size and was roofed by a barrel vault.

For Artemis Ephesia and for Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus and to the demos of Ephesus neokoros, by Publius Quintillius, son of Publius, of the tribe Galeria, . . .with . . . spouse, and daughter Varilla, arrange this temple from its basis with all of the issues in it and its cult picture by their very own means, devoted on the time of proconsul Servaeus Innocens, and when the grammateus of the Demē a second time, Marcus Claudius Publius Vedius Antoninus, was Asiarch; as promised when Tiberius Claudius Lucceianus was grammateus of the Demē.

The pronaos is embellished with a frieze consisting of 4 marble slabs depicting the muse of town of Ephesus by the Athenian prince Androclus. The frieze shouldn’t be Hadrianic because it was not sculptured concurrently the Temple. It was most likely added to the monument from an unknown constructing throughout a restoration within the 4th century AD. The frieze on the Temple is a replica, the unique is on show within the Ephesus Museum.

Ephesus, like Pergamon and Smyrna, would obtain a second neokoria, however not at the time of Hadrian’s first go to. The neokorate temple authorised by Hadrian dates to the early 130s, as offered in inscriptions and on cash. The primary inscription to name Ephesus “twice neokoros” (δὶς νεωκόρος) is an honorary dedication on a statue of Hadrian erected by the Ephesians on the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens to have fun Hadrian’s consecration of the temple. The inscription is dated to 132 (IG II² 3297), throughout the priesthood of Claudius Attikos, the daddy of the well-known Herodes Atticus (Burrell, 2004).

One other point out of the title is from a dedication to Sabina at Ephesus beneath the proconsulship of the later emperor Antoninus Pius about 134/5 (Ephesos 1011), though the brand new temple was not but standing. Its completion can be dated after 134/135 and earlier than 138 (Burrell, 2004). An Ephesian, Tiberius Claudius Piso Diophantus, is claimed to have been chargeable for getting permission from Hadrian to construct a provincial temple devoted to him at Ephesus as Polemon had carried out for Smyrna (Ephesos 335). The “twice neokoros” title additionally seems on the cash of Ephesus with the legend ΕΦΕϹΙΩΝ ΔΙϹ ΝΕΩΚΟ/ΡΩΝ (of the Ephesians, twice neocorate) and displaying two temples, every containing a male determine holding sceptre (RPC III, 2077).

(This statue of) Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus Olympios Panhellenios, saviour (was devoted by) the mother-city, initially and biggest of Asia, and twice temple-warden of the Augusti, town of the Ephesians, for their very own founder and benefactor, by way of]the supervisor Marcus Tigellius Lupus, within the priesthood of Tiberius Claudius Atticus. (Translation by Chris de Lisle)

Pausanias is the one recognized supply that studies on the Olympieion of Ephesus. He mentions the legendary founding father of town, Androclos, and notes that his tomb was nonetheless seen in his time “on the highway main from the sanctuary previous the Olympieion to the Magnesian gate. On the tomb is a statue of an armed man” (Paus. 7.2.9). The temple has been recognized within the northern district of Ephesus close to the church of the Virgin Mary. It consisted of an enormous colonnaded temenos with porticoes on all 4 sides, probably of the Corinthian order. It confronted south and lined an space measuring 350 x 225 m, which is kind of near the realm of the Artemision. Within the centre of the temenos was a south-facing temple. The foundations present that it had a peristasis (four-sided porch of columns surrounding the cella) of roughly 33 x 60 m and a cella 9 m large.

The citation by Pausanias led the excavators and students to imagine that it was a temple devoted to the cult of Zeus Olympios. In consequence, they selected to name this temple advanced “the Olympieion”. Nonetheless, C.P. Jones (1993) argues that the temple must be known as Hadrianeion, contemplating it is devoted to worshipping Hadrian, not Zeus. In Ephesian inscriptions, the temple itself is simply referred to as “of the god Hadrian” (θεοῦ Ἁδριανοῦ), not of Hadrian Olympios or any type of Zeus (Ephesos 335). Nonetheless, there can be quite a few inscriptions from Ephesus honouring Hadrian as Zeus Olympios (Ephesos 778–784), and an agonistic competition named Hadrianeia would be celebrated with the second neokorate of Ephesus on the time of the temple’s completion or consecration by Diophantus.

The Ephesians would later present enthusiasm for the brand new cult of Antinous by setting a statue of the younger Bithynian as Androclus, the legendary founding father of Ephesus, son of King Codrus of Athens, maybe within the act of slaying a wild boat. Like Antinous, Androclus was additionally famed for a boar hunt, and it could be that Hadrian and Antinous went looking the boar collectively within the neighborhood (Birley, 1997). A youthful Androclus would additionally seem on the reverse of the Antinous cash minted within the metropolis, depicted with a spear over his shoulder and, on this hand, a boar’s head (RPC III, 2084).

—

Ephesus was the final polis of the province of Asia that the emperor visited earlier than departing to the Aegean islands. He would journey from Ephesus to Rhodes in September or October and sail by way of the Cyclades to the Greek mainland. A small passage of the Historia Augusta of this journey says that Hadrian “travelled by the use of Asia and the islands to Greece” (HA Hadr. 13.1), whereas Rhodes is explicitly talked about in Polemon’s account (“we went east to Rhodes”).

A number of ships accompanied the emperor, two of whom have been beneath the instructions of the Ephesian captains, Erastos and Philokyrios. These two captains joined the Imperial fleet and operated within the Aegean Sea with their respective ships. They transported the Emperor and different entourage members and obligatory provides. A couple of years later, in 129, the identical captains accompanied the imperial fleet carrying Hadrian as he sailed from Eleusis to Ephesus. In two an identical letters to the magistrates and council of Ephesus, Hadrian recommends the 2 ship captains, Erastos (Ephesos 191) and Philokyrios (Ephesos 192), for honorary membership of the council. The letters have been inscribed on the wall blocks of the scaenae frons of Ephesus Bouleterion.

The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant of the deified Nerva, Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribune of the Folks for the third time, Consul for the third time, Father of his nation, to the Magistrates of the Ephesians and to the Council, greeting. Lucius Erastus affirms that he’s a citizen of yours and sails a lot additionally on the ocean and that, so far as he can from doing this, he makes himself serviceable to his nation and regularly conveys over the ocean the chief males of the [Ionian] race. Furthermore he had interviews with me on two former events, first, once I made a voyage from Ephesus to Rhodes, and now on my arrival at your metropolis from Eleusis. His want is to change into a member of the Council, and I accordingly decide to you the authorized investigation of his claims; and if nothing stands in the best way, and he seems to you deserving of that honour, I’ll give the amount of cash which they pay on being admitted to the Council, and to fulfill the bills of the election. Farewell.

As Hadrian sailed into the port of Rhodes, he noticed the stays of the celebrated fallen Colossus, one of many Seven Wonders of the Historic World. The Colossus was an enormous bronze statue of the god Helios, constructed within the early Third century BC and towering over the harbour at over 30 metres (100 toes). It stood for simply over 50 years within the Third century BC earlier than being introduced down by a robust earthquake round 225 BC. In Hadrian’s day, the statue, nonetheless apparently in a single piece, had been mendacity on the bottom for hundreds of years and was so spectacular that many travelled to see it.

The early Byzantine chronicler John Malalas recounts a peculiar story about Hadrian aiding within the re-erection of the Colossus. He mentions that Hadrian offered cranes, ropes, and artisans for the mission and even claims to know in regards to the inscription commemorating the occasion (Malalas 279). Nonetheless, this account has no corroboration, even when this was the kind of mission Hadrian would have been drawn to. John Malalas was probably mistaken, because the Emperor is instructed in different sources that he relocated the Colossus of Nero in Rome nearer to the brand new Temple of Venus and Roma with the help of twenty-four elephants and reworked it right into a statue of the Solar (HA Hadr. 19-12.13).

In his reign, Hadrian reerected the Colossus of Rhodes, which had fallen throughout an earthquake Rhodes suffered in earlier instances, and lay on the bottom for 312 years, with nothing having been misplaced. He spent to revive and erect it in the identical place, for machines and ropes and artisans, 3 hundredweight, as he inscribed the 12 months and bills under it. Malalas 279

Pliny the Elder visited the Rhodian Colossus and described it as “by far probably the most worthy of our admiration.” “Few males can clasp the thumb of their arms,“ he wrote, “and its fingers are bigger than most statues”. “The place the limbs are damaged asunder, huge caverns are seen yawning within the inside.“ In Pliny’s time, the Colossus was merely a smash, slowly corroding the place it had fallen greater than a century earlier than (Plin. Nat. 34.18). But, that didn’t diminish Pliny’s awe.

Panhellenic video games, the Halieia, have been held on the island each 4 years in honour of Helios, and every year, a chariot drawn by 4 horses (quadriga) was thrown into the ocean as an providing to the god. The Helian video games attracted nice athletes from overseas. They concerned working races and performances, many of which have been hosted within the stadium and the Odeon of Rhodes’ Acropolis. There was a well-known kithara (lyre) competitors the place crowns manufactured from poplar have been awarded to victors. One such victor was the well-known kithara participant Nikokles Aristokleos (IG II3 4 594), whose funerary monument on the Sacred Approach in Athens is talked about by Pausanias (Paus. 1.37.2).

Rhodes had been an vital ally of Rome for nearly three centuries and loved quite a few privileges. In consequence, its ties with Rome have been deeper and extra vital than these of most different Greek cities. The island was well-known for its colleges of rhetoric and philosophy and attracted quite a few distinguished Roman college students to study extra about Greek tradition, together with Cicero, Julius Caesar, and Marc Antony. Tiberius, a philhellenist like Hadrian, studied rhetoric within the famend college of Rhodes and selected to stay in exile on the island for six years due to the “pleasantness and healthiness of the island“ (Suet., Tib., 11.1). The Lydians devoted a votive exedra at Lindos to the euergetai (benefactors) Tiberius and his sons, Drusus the Youthful and Germanicus, in addition to his father-in-law, Augustus (see right here).

The length of Hadrian’s keep on the island is unknown, as does the placement of his residence. He could have inspected the home the place Tiberius lived (Birley, 1997) and visited the three principal cities on the island: Lindos, Kamiros and Ialysos. Nonetheless, Rhodes should not have held Hadrian for an prolonged interval. The imperial flotilla most likely left by mid-September, most definitely passing by way of the Cyclades, as Hadrian meant to be in Greece for the Eleusinian Mysteries, which started within the month of Boedromion.

There isn’t any proof that Hadrian visited different islands throughout his voyage throughout the Aegean Sea, and makes an attempt to reconstruct the emperor’s actual route are speculative. Nonetheless, there may be good purpose to imagine that he sojourned on the Cycladic island of Paros (Kouremenos, 2021), the place he wrote an epigram for the tomb of the Seventh century BC lyric poet Archilochus (680-645 BC), displaying his veneration for archaic Greek poetry (Anth. Pal., 7.674). Archilochus was the primary poet to make use of the iambic metre, which afterwards performed an vital half in Greek verse. He even had a sanctuary, the Archilocheion, devoted to him on Paros, which probably consisted of a shrine, altars and a temenos.

That is Archilochus’ grave, whom to raging iambics
the Muse led, favoring the Maionian (i.e. Homer).
(Translation by W.R. Paton)

One other potential stopover on his option to Athens was the island of Syros, the place the city devoted a statue of him (IG XII,5 674), and an inscription expressing the islanders’ gratitude for his generosity has been discovered (IG XII Suppl. 239). Nonetheless, such dedications are widespread and don’t definitively point out that the Emperor was bodily current in these locations (Kouremenos, 2021). In any case, within the autumn of 124, Hadrian was again in Athens, the place he bestowed items, revised native legal guidelines, and was initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries at Eleusis.

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