Iran Update, March 6, 2025

Small-scale rebel cells have began to emerge and assault Syrian interim authorities forces in sure areas of Syria.
Former Assad regime members carried out coordinated assaults on Syrian
army checkpoints and patrols in Jableh, Beit Ana, and Daliyah in
Latakia Province on March 6.[1] Interim authorities forces deployed to
the realm and cordoned off the realm, presumably forward of a clearing
effort.[2] Interim authorities forces suppressed fighters in Beit Ana and
Daliyah however proceed to interact former Assad regime members within the
Latakia countryside on the time of this writing.[3] CTP-ISW will
proceed to watch this growing scenario. Former Assad regime
members have killed a minimum of 13 Syrian troopers on March 6.[4] Former
Assad regime loyalists have introduced their intent to revive Assad’s
rule in Syria. It’s unlikely that the entire people who
participated within the assaults on interim authorities forces joined within the
preventing to topple the federal government and restore Assad, nevertheless.[5]

Former Assad regime members will very doubtless kind the best rebel cells, given their pre-established networks.
Former Assad regime members have already got preexisting networks that they
can leverage to quickly manage rebel cells. These networks are
army, intelligence, and political networks and felony syndicates
who had been regime supporters and misplaced vital financial and political
affect within the aftermath of Assad’s fall. These networks might allow
former Assad regime members to coordinate assaults throughout wider areas.
That is significantly true in former regime stronghold areas in coastal
Syria.

These hardcore Assadists will doubtless exploit a
number of grievances towards the Syrian interim authorities to recruit
new members who might or will not be initially motivated by a need to
restore Assad. Rebel teams usually entice supporters who
maintain a spread of social, financial, and political grievances.[6] Interim
authorities forces have carried out near-constant raids in former regime
strongholds focusing on former Assad regime members since coming to energy
in December 2024.[7] These raids, whereas ensuing within the arrest of many
mid- to high-level Assad regime officers, have additionally fueled experiences of
revenge-based assaults and harassment, significantly towards the Alawite
neighborhood.[8] Members of the Alawite neighborhood have expressed their
perception that Alawites are being economically disenfranchised by Sunnis as
a part of a broader effort to marginalize the Alawite neighborhood.[9] This
will not be true; all of Syria is economically devastated, however Alawites
imagine they’re ”uniquely” experiencing financial points
nonetheless.[10] Former Assad regime members have reportedly used
Alawite fears of assaults on the neighborhood to mobilize younger males to take
up arms.[11] Interim authorities forces have additionally launched a marketing campaign to
interdict drug smuggling in western Syria, chopping off a once-steady
income stream for some felony syndicates and their beneficiaries.[12]
Rebel teams can leverage these grievances towards the interim
authorities to extend their supporter base, and have already begun to
accomplish that.

Poorly
executed counter-insurgency operations danger fueling a cycle of violence
and elevated native help for rebel teams if not carried out
fastidiously. Rebel teams search to take advantage of insecurity and
abuses to ascertain themselves as the first safety guarantor in a
neighborhood.[13] Rebel teams conduct assaults on authorities safety
forces to elicit a powerful response, which rebel teams can then
body as authorities assaults on civilians.[14] Alawite activists have
reportedly warned that the assaults on interim authorities forces in
Latakia Province on March 6 aimed to elicit a harsh response from the
Syrian authorities and thereby instigate an insurgency.[15] Former Assad
regime members attacked an ambulance that was making an attempt to evacuate
Syrian troopers from Jableh with the expectation that the interim
authorities would reply to the assault with a big operation.[16] A
heavy-handed method that fails to obviously distinguish between
insurgents and civilians undermines authorities efforts to reestablish
management over an space by exacerbating fears inside the neighborhood that
authorities forces are focusing on civilians. This concern can in flip drive
well-liked help for rebel teams.[17]

Former senior
Syrian Arab Military (SAA) Fourth Division officer Brigadier Common Gaith
Dalah introduced the formation of a “army council to liberate Syria”
on March 6.[18] Dalah introduced that the group’s goals
embody the “liberation” of Syrian territory from the “terrorist,
jihadist organizations” that management it, in reference to the Hayat
Tahrir al Sham-led Syrian interim authorities.[19] The group additionally seeks
to dismantle the Syrian interim authorities’s “deeply rooted sectarian
constructions.” Dalah is a former Fourth Division common.[20] The United
States designated Dalah as a specifically designated nationwide (SDN) in 2020
for his efforts to forestall a ceasefire in Syria.[21] It’s unclear if
Dalah really established this army council or if the group is
claiming him as their chief because of his repute within the Assad regime.
It’s notable and sure not a coincidence that the group introduced its
formation on the identical day that regime-affiliated clashes broke out in
coastal Syria.

The US is contemplating a plan in
which it might ask allies to cease and examine Iranian oil tankers,
based on unspecified sources chatting with Reuters on March 6.[22]
Iran might reply to such a plan by attacking or seizing industrial
vessels or tankers within the Persian Gulf. The plan is a part of the
US “most stress” marketing campaign, which seeks to drive Iranian oil
exports to zero and thereby coerce Iran to barter a brand new nuclear
deal.[23] US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent emphasised on March 6 that
america seeks to “shut down” Iran’s oil sector and drone
manufacturing capabilities.[24] Iran has developed a number of methods to evade
US sanctions on Iranian oil exports, reminiscent of conducting ship-to-ship
transfers in Malaysia to obfuscate the origin of Iranian oil shipments
to China.[25] Underneath the plan that Reuters reported on March 6, the
United States would ask allies to examine Iranian tankers transiting
chokepoints, such because the Malacca Strait off the coast of Malaysia, to
stop illicit Iranian oil exports.[26] Iran has beforehand seized
industrial tankers in response to Western seizures of Iranian tankers.
Iran seized a tanker carrying Chevron oil within the Strait of Hormuz in
April 2023 in response to america confiscating Iranian oil
shipments, for instance.[27] This incident resulted in a steep improve
in crude oil costs.[28]

Syria has established a point
of financial cooperation with Russia amid negotiations between the
Syrian interim authorities and Russia over Russian basing rights in
Syria. A US-sanctioned, Barbados-flagged tanker arrived on the
coast of Baniyas, Tartous Province, Syria, on March 6.[29] The United
States sanctioned the vessel in January 2025 for transporting Russian
oil.[30] Reuters reported that the vessel departed from the Russian port
of Primorsk for Syria on February 8 carrying 37,000 metric tons of
ultra-low sulphur diesel.[31] It’s unclear whether or not the vessel has
offloaded the diesel gas on the time of this writing. The Syrian
interim authorities has sought to acquire oil since Iran halted oil
exports to Syria after the autumn of the Assad regime. The Syrian
authorities just lately reached a take care of the US-backed Syrian Democratic
Forces (SDF) in February 2025 to move oil from SDF-controlled oil
wells to authorities territory for refinement and use.[32] Russian oil
exports to Syria would recommend that Russia seeks to reestablish its
financial relationship with Syria, probably to realize favor with the
interim authorities and attempt to safe army basing rights in Syria.

Russian
oil exports to Syria come as Syrian officers have expressed curiosity
in growing financial ties with Russia in current weeks. Russia
delivered native Syrian forex to the Syrian central financial institution on February
12 following a name between Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara and
Russian President Vladimir Putin.[33] Unspecified sources instructed the Wall Avenue Journal
on March 5 that Syrian officers have sought to renegotiate the phrases
of a number of contracts that the Assad regime signed with Russia. These
contracts cowl Russian investments in phosphate mines and oil fields in
the central Syrian desert, a fertilizer plant in Homs, and the port of
Tartous.[34] A safety drive can be wanted to guard Russian property
at mines and oil fields within the central Syrian desert on condition that ISIS
often assaults services on this space. It’s unclear whether or not the
Syrian interim authorities would decide to defending Russian property or
enable some Russian safety presence at these websites. Russo-Syrian
financial cooperation can happen with out an settlement between the
interim authorities and Russia about Russian basing rights in Syria.
Russia might attempt to use its financial help for Syria as leverage to
safe a “decreased” army presence in Syria, nevertheless.

The
US and Israeli air forces carried out a joint train on March 4 to
strengthen interoperability and put together for “a spread of eventualities.”[35]
The drill concerned Israeli F-15Is, F-35Is, and a US B-52 bomber.[36]
The train comes after senior Iranian army commanders have
resurfaced threats to conduct a direct assault on Israel. These threats
doubtless intention to form Israeli resolution making and deter a possible
Israeli strike on Iran.[37]

Distinguished Druze militias and
the Syrian authorities agreed to ascertain Suwaydawi-led safety forces
beneath interim Syrian authorities management in Suwayda Province. The
Males of Dignity Motion introduced on March 6 that it and different
distinguished Druze teams, together with Mudafa al Karama and Ahrar Jabal al
Arab Gathering, reached an settlement with the interim Syrian Inside
Ministry.[38] The Males of Dignity mentioned that Suwaydawi-led safety forces
will oversee safety and struggle felony exercise and drug trafficking
in Suwayda with logistical help from the Inside Ministry.[39] The
Inside Ministry despatched eight police autos to Suwayda for the brand new
safety drive to make use of and pledged to supply additional help within the
coming days.[40]

The Druze militias and interim authorities agreed
that native leaders and residents from Suwayda would comprise the
province’s safety models, though it’s unclear if Suwaydawis will
have a majority presence within the models or if the models will solely be
comprised of Suwaydawis.[41] The Syrian authorities has not reached a
comparable safety association with every other minority group in Syria. The
Males of Dignity have referred to as for a decentralized system of presidency
from Damascus because the fall of the Assad regime.[42] Shara has, for the
most half, rejected minority teams’ requires any sort of federalist
system. His acquiescence to the presumably Druze demand that safety
forces in Suwayda Province be comprised of Suwaydawis—doubtless Druze
militia members—means that Shara is keen to calm down his place
beneath sure situations. Shara might search to make an identical settlement
with the Kurds in northeastern Syria, who’ve equally referred to as for a
decentralized governance system.

The Males of Dignity Motion’s
settlement with the Syrian authorities is a departure from its earlier
place, during which the group prevented the entry of presidency forces
into Suwayda Province. The HTS-led Division of Army Operations
briefly deployed to western Suwayda Province for the primary time on
February 12 to comprise tensions surrounding the homicide of a neighborhood man,
however it’s unclear if authorities forces remained within the space or in the event that they
coordinated their operations with Druze militias.[43] The Syrian
authorities has not forcibly deployed safety forces to areas in Suwayda
Province and has prioritized negotiations with native Druze authorities,
more likely to domesticate goodwill amongst Suwayda residents and the Druze
neighborhood. A delegation of Druze officers, together with Ahrar al Arab
Gathering chief Sheikh Suleiman Abdul Baqi and former Males of Dignity
member Laith al Balous, met with Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara
in Damascus on February 24 to debate safety cooperation in southern
Syria.[44] Rising tensions in Suwayda over Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu’s demand to ”demilitarize” southern Syria might have
contributed to the Males of Dignity’s willingness to cooperate with the
Syrian authorities.[45]

Key Takeaways:

• Rising Syrian Insurgency: Small-scale
  rebel cells have began to emerge and assault Syrian interim
  authorities forces in sure areas of Syria. Former Assad regime members
  will very doubtless kind the best rebel cells, given their
  pre-established networks. These hardcore Assadists will doubtless exploit a
  number of grievances towards the Syrian interim authorities to recruit
  new members who might or will not be initially motivated by a need to
  restore Assad.
• Iranian Sanctions Evasion: The
  United States is contemplating a plan during which it might ask allies to cease
  and examine Iranian oil tankers, based on unspecified sources
  chatting with Reuters on March 6. Iran might reply to such a plan by
  attacking or seizing industrial vessels or tankers within the Persian Gulf.
• Russia in Syria: Syria
  has established a point of financial cooperation with Russia amid
  negotiations between the Syrian interim authorities and Russia over
  Russian basing rights in Syria. Russian oil exports to Syria come as
  Syrian officers have expressed curiosity in growing financial ties
  with Russia in current weeks.
• US-Israeli Workout routines: The
  US and Israeli air forces carried out a joint train on March 4 to
  strengthen interoperability and put together for “a spread of eventualities.”
• Druze in Syria: Distinguished
  Druze militias and the Syrian authorities agreed to ascertain
  Suwaydawi-led safety forces beneath interim Syrian authorities management in
  Suwayda Province. The Druze militias and interim authorities agreed that
  native leaders and residents from Suwayda would comprise the province’s
  safety models, though it’s unclear if Suwaydawis can have a
  majority presence within the models or if the models will solely be comprised of
  Suwaydawis.

Syria

Interim
authorities forces concluded operations in al Sanamayn, north of Daraa,
on March 6 after they engaged a militia within the space that collaborated
with the Syrian regime.[46] Interim authorities forces deployed
to al Sanamayn on March 5 after a militia led by Mohsen al Haymed killed
two interim authorities safety personnel.[47] Haymed’s faction has
operated in al Sanamayn since a minimum of 2018, when the group reconciled with
the Assad regime and started collaborating with the regime Army
Intelligence, based on Syrian opposition media.[48] Syrian media
reported that clashes between interim authorities forces and Haymed’s
faction killed eight interim authorities safety personnel.[49] The
Syrian Interim Protection Ministry reported on March 6 that it has arrested
greater than 60 members of Haymed’s faction and killed 9 others.[50] It
is unclear if Haymed stays at-large.[51]

Jordanian Border Guard forces thwarted a drug and weapons smuggling try alongside the Jordan-Syria border on March 6.[52] Jordanian
border forces engaged the smugglers, killing 4 of them, whereas the
remaining smugglers fled again into Syrian territory. Jordanian
authorities recovered a big drug cargo and a Kalashnikov-style
rifle from the smugglers.[53]

Israeli forces continued to function in southern Quneitra Province on March 5 and 6. Israeli armored autos reportedly entered the village of Kudna and operated close to a hill south of Kudna.[54]

The
co-chairman of the Turkish pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Equality and Democracy
(DEM) Celebration, Keskin Bayindir, referred to as for the discharge of PKK chief
Abdullah Ocalan on March 6.[55] Bayindir mentioned that Ocalan’s
launch is “crucial” to advance negotiations between the PKK and the
Turkish authorities. Bayindir’s name comes after Ocalan urged the PKK to
disarm and dissolve on February 27.[56] A number of PKK leaders have
expressed help for Ocalan’s name.[57]

Turkey and the
Turkish-backed Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA) have continued to assault
US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) positions in Aleppo and Raqqa
provinces since CTP-ISW’s final knowledge cutoff on March 5. Turkey
and the SNA struck SDF positions close to the Qara Qozak Bridge in jap
Aleppo Province.[58] The SDF reported that Turkish plane additionally struck
an SDF place south of Kobani.[59] The SDF mentioned that it shelled
Turkish or Turkish-backed fighters close to the Qara Qozak
Bridge in response, killing one fighter.[60] Turkish drones struck SDF
positions alongside the M4 freeway on March 6.[61] The SNA shelled SDF
positions close to the Tishreen Dam on March 6.[62]

The
Turkish Protection Ministry introduced that Turkey has killed 26 Kurdistan
Staff’ Celebration (PKK) fighters in northern Iraq and Syria prior to now
week.[63] Turkey usually conflates the SDF and the PKK-linked
Kurdish Individuals’s Safety Items (YPG) with the PKK and makes use of “PKK” to
seek advice from your entire SDF.

The UK (UK) suspended
sanctions and asset freezes on 24 Syrian entities within the Syrian vitality,
banking, and transportation sectors on March 6.[64] The UK
introduced a plan to ease sanctions on Syria’s vitality, transport, and
monetary sectors in February 2025.[65] The UK will keep sanctions
on members of the Assad regime and people concerned in drug
smuggling.[66] The UK said on March 6 that it’s going to proceed to guage
the interim authorities “by their actions, not their phrases.”[67] Shara
and his allies have prioritized securing sanctions reduction from the West
because it fashioned the interim authorities in December 2024.[68]

Syrian
Interim International Affairs Minister Asaad al Shaibani attended an
Group for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) assembly in
The Hague on March 5.[69] Shaibani said that his
participation within the assembly mirrored Syria’s dedication to
worldwide safety and reaching justice for victims of the Assad
regime’s chemical weapons assaults. Shaibani held conferences with
Worldwide Legal Court docket Prosecutor Karim Khan and Director Common
of the Worldwide Fee on Lacking Individuals Kathryne
Bomberger.[70] Shaibani and Khan mentioned efforts to strengthen
transitional justice in Syria. Shaibani and Bomberger mentioned
growing cooperation to seek for people who disappeared beneath
the Assad regime. Shaibani’s participation within the OPCW assembly is the
newest in a collection of worldwide engagements which can be designed to
distance the Syrian interim authorities from the Assad regime’s crimes
and painting the interim authorities as a reasonable governing establishment.

Iraq

Axis of Resistance goals:

• Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance affect over the Iraqi state and society
• Harden the Iraqi authorities towards inside dissent

Iranian-backed Iraqi militias continued to debate their technique for the October 2025 parliamentary elections. Iraqi
media reported on March 6 that a number of militias, together with Kataib
Hezbollah, Harakat Hezbollah al Nujaba, and Kataib Sayyid al Shuhada,
might kind a political alliance referred to as the “Iraqi Resistance.”[71] The
militias might be part of smaller alliances or ally with the Shia Coordination
Framework within the upcoming elections. The Shia Coordination Framework is a
unfastened coalition of Shia political events, a few of that are backed by
Iran. This report is in line with current experiences that Iranian-backed
Iraqi militias’ political wings might “be part of alliances” and kind a
political bloc “impressed by the Iraqi resistance,” probably in reference
to the Islamic Resistance in Iraq.[72] The Islamic Resistance in Iraq
is a coalition of Iranian-backed Iraqi militias, together with Kataib
Hezbollah, Harakat Hezbollah al Nujaba, and Kataib Sayyid al Shuhada,
that continuously focused Israel and US forces in Iraq and Syria throughout
the October 7 Battle.[73] A well-organized political alliance might
improve the militias’ illustration in parliament and subsequently
improve Iranian affect within the Iraqi political sphere.

Arabian Peninsula

Axis of Resistance goals:

• Harden the Houthi regime towards inside dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
• Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition in an effort to management all of Yemen
• Erode Israeli will to proceed the struggle within the Gaza Strip

Nothing vital to report.

The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon

Axis of Resistance goals:

• Erode the need of the Israeli political institution and public to maintain clearing operations within the Gaza Strip
• Reestablish Hamas because the governing authority within the Gaza Strip
• Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
• Set up the West Financial institution as a viable entrance towards Israel

Nothing vital to report.

Iranian Determination-Making, Inside Dynamics, and International Coverage

The Iranian rial depreciated from 887,900 rials to at least one US greenback on March 5 to 891,700 rials to at least one US greenback on March 6.[74]

The
United States and the E3 (the UK, France, and Germany)
issued a press release condemning Iranian noncompliance with the
Worldwide Atomic Power Company (IAEA) on the IAEA Board of Governors
assembly on March 5.[75] UK Ambassador to the IAEA Corinne
Kitsell mentioned that america and the E3 should not have “limitless
endurance” and warned that the “complete report” on Iranian nuclear
actions might present that Iran is “in non-compliance with its
safeguards agreements.” The IAEA handed a censure decision proposed by
the E3 in November 2024 that requires the IAEA to provide a
“complete report” on Iranian nuclear actions by spring 2025.[76]
CTP-ISW beforehand assessed that the report would virtually definitely
verify Iranian noncompliance with the 2015 Joint Complete Plan of
Motion (JCPOA) and lay the muse for the E3 to reimpose snapback
sanctions in early March 2025.[77] The JCPOA snapback mechanism permits
JCPOA signatories to reimpose UN Safety Council sanctions on Iran in
the occasion of “vital non-performance by Iran of JCPOA
commitments.”[78] The snapback mechanism expires in October 2025.

The
Iranian international affairs minister appointed former Deputy International
Affairs Minister for Authorized and Worldwide Affairs Reza Najafi because the
Iranian ambassador to the United Nations (UN) in Vienna and the IAEA.[79]
Najafi changed Mohsen Naziri Asl who served within the function since 2022.
Najafi beforehand served because the Iranian ambassador to the UN in Vienna
and the IAEA between 2013 and 2018.[80] Iran and the P5+1 (the United
States, the UK, China, France, Russia and Germany) signed
the JCPOA in 2015.

The Iran Replace supplies insights into
Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions overseas that undermine regional
stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions
and tendencies that have an effect on the steadiness and decision-making of the Iranian
regime. The Vital Threats Undertaking (CTP) on the American Enterprise
Institute and the Institute for the Research of Battle (ISW) supplies these
updates often primarily based on regional occasions.

CTP-ISW
defines the “Axis of Resistance” because the unconventional alliance that
Iran has cultivated within the Center East because the Islamic Republic got here
to energy in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state,
semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to safe their
collective pursuits. Tehran considers itself to be each a part of the
alliance and its chief. Iran furnishes these teams with various ranges
of economic, army, and political help in trade for some
diploma of affect or management over their actions. Some are conventional
proxies which can be extremely attentive to Iranian route, whereas others
are companions over which Iran exerts extra restricted affect. Members of
the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic goals,
which embody eroding and finally expelling American affect from
the Center East, destroying the Israeli state, or each. Pursuing these
goals and supporting the Axis of Resistance to these ends have
turn out to be cornerstones of Iranian regional technique.

[1]
https://x.com/SanaAjel/standing/1897637704239562763 ;
https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897666350115377632 ;
https://x.com/EuphratesPost/standing/1897716682300268686

[2] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897666350115377632 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897682953574261037

[3]
https://x.com/EuphratesPost/standing/1897716682300268686 ;
https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897777644520829401 ;
https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897682953574261037

[4] https://t.me/nahermedia/45465

[5] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897706473612099639

[6]
https://2009-2017.state.gov/paperwork/group/119629.pdf ;
https://www.mei.edu/publications/mullah-omar-wants-you-taliban-mobilization-strategies-or-motivations-joining
;
https://archive.smallwarsjournal.com/index.php/jrnl/artwork/psychology-of-participation-in-insurgency

[7]
https://t.me/ALBADIA_24/3878 ;
https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1883109082300883054 ;
https://x.com/SanaAjel/standing/1879091411045474646

[8]
https://x.com/SanaAjel/standing/1892243574315520505 ;
https://www.mei.edu/publications/security-alawite-regions-post-assad-syria

[9] https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/standing/1892119268881277373

[10] https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/standing/1892119268881277373

[11]
https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/standing/1897710423195156853 ;
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/16/constant-fear-alawites-syria-homs-terrified-reprisals
; https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/standing/1897712035192094841

[12]
https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/135799 ;
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/might/07/drug-captagon-turning-syria-into-narco-state

[13] https://www.understandingwar.org/jaysh-al-mahdi ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-27-2023

[14]

https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/61/Docs/Al-AnbarAwakeningVolIIpercent5B1percent5D.pdf
; https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/standing/1897723421955703278

[15] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897706473612099639

[16] https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/standing/1897723421955703278

[17] https://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/61/Docs/Al-AnbarAwakeningVolIIpercent5B1percent5D.pdf

[18] https://x.com/EuphratesPost/standing/1897710698550972678; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897764296358088933

[19] https://x.com/EuphratesPost/standing/1897710698550972678

[20] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897764296358088933

[21] https://ofac.treasury.gov/recent-actions/20200820 ; https://2017-2021.state.gov/syria-sanctions-designations-2/

[22] https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/us-mulls-plan-disrupt-irans-oil-by-halting-vessels-sea-2025-03-06/

[23] https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/national-security-presidential-memorandum-nspm-2/

[24]

https://www.cnbc.com/2025/03/06/us-will-collapse-irans-economy-by-shutting-down-its-oil-industry-treasury-secretary-says.html

[25]
https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2024-iran-south-china-sea-oil-trade/
;
https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/russian-iranian-oil-supply-china-rebounds-new-vessels-cash-trade-2025-02-28/

[26] https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/us-mulls-plan-disrupt-irans-oil-by-halting-vessels-sea-2025-03-06/

[27]
https://x.com/US5thFleet/standing/1651560354265145344 ;
https://www.reuters.com/world/tanker-involved-us-seizure-iran-oil-cargo-changes-name-2023-09-20/

[28] https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/us-mulls-plan-disrupt-irans-oil-by-halting-vessels-sea-2025-03-06/

[29] https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/particulars/ships/shipid:753736/mmsi:314982000/imo:9322956/vessel:PROSPERITY

[30]
https://house.treasury.gov/information/press-releases/jy2777;
https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/russia-ships-diesel-syria-tanker-under-us-sanctions-data-shows-2025-03-06/

[31] https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/russia-ships-diesel-syria-tanker-under-us-sanctions-data-shows-2025-03-06/

[32] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-northeast-begins-supplying-oil-damascus-oil-ministry-says-2025-02-22/

[33]
https://x.com/SanaAjel/standing/1890343048099303916 ;
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-14-2025

[34]

https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/russia-is-chasing-a-deal-to-keep-its-military-bases-in-syria-f9f6ca6e?mod=middle-east_news_article_pos1
; https://www.ft.com/content material/30ddfdd0-b83e-11e9-96bd-8e884d3ea203

[35] https://x.com/IDF/standing/1897590213855068601; https://x.com/CENTCOM/standing/1897605258685071534

[36] https://x.com/IDF/standing/1897590213855068601

[37] https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-february-20-2025

[38] https://www.fb.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1181914033301593&id=100044490217016

[39] https://www.fb.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1181914033301593&id=100044490217016

[40] https://www.fb.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1181914033301593&id=100044490217016

[41] https://www.fb.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1181914033301593&id=100044490217016

[42] https://www.wsj.com/opinion/syria-has-a-new-governmentor-does-it-al-sharaa-hts-islamist-0f938cc5?mod=opinion_lead_pos12

[43] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1889625860702900324; https://x.com/suwayda24/standing/1889630059318649280

[44] https://x.com/suwayda24/standing/1894139731728109813

[45]

https://www.yahoo.com/information/israel-wants-demilitarization-parts-southern-204817731.html;
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-3-2025

[46] https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/120539 ; https://t.me/Free_Daraa_city/1358 ;

[47] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897223940709433548

[48] www dot npasyria.com/en/120576

[49] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897393573915713627

[50] https://t.me/Free_Daraa_city/1358 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897627238704521339

[51] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1897393573915713627

[52]
https://www.hala dot
jo/2025/03/06/%D9percent82percentD9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentADpercentD8percentB1percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentAFpercentD9percent88percentD8percentAF-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAApercentD8percentA8percentD9percent83-%D9percent85percentD8percentB9-%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent85percentD9percent88percentD8percentB9percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D9percent85percentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentA9/

[53]
https://www.hala dot
jo/2025/03/06/%D9percent82percentD9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentADpercentD8percentB1percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentAFpercentD9percent88percentD8percentAF-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAApercentD8percentA8percentD9percent83-%D9percent85percentD8percentB9-%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent85percentD9percent88percentD8percentB9percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D9percent85percentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentA9/

[54] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1897719477586084097 ; https://x.com/Nuorgolan/standing/1897361665601183861

[55] https://www.rudawarabia dot internet/arabic/middleeast/turkey/060320251

[56] https://x.com/ragipsoylu/standing/1895120510109000176

[57]
https://www.rudaw dot internet/sorani/kurdistan/050320252 ;
https://www.turkishminute dot
com/2025/03/03/senior-pkk-figure-says-turkish-officials-engaged-in-talks-with-ocalan-for-a-year-before-his-historic-call/

[58] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/137231 ; https://npasyria dot com/206983/

[59] https://npasyria dot com/206983/

[60] https://npasyria dot com/206983/

[61] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/137246

[62] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/137259

[63] hhttps://x.com/tcsavunma/standing/1897576112487612769

[64] https://www.gov.uk/authorities/information/update-on-syria-lifting-asset-freezes-on-24-entities

[65]

https://www.gov.uk/authorities/speeches/update-on-uk-syria-sanctions-regime-minister-doughty-statement;

https://www.barrons.com/articles/uk-plans-to-ease-syria-sanctionsafter-assad-fall-govt-8b5e25f5

[66] https://www.gov.uk/authorities/information/update-on-syria-lifting-asset-freezes-on-24-entities

[67] https://www.gov.uk/authorities/information/update-on-syria-lifting-asset-freezes-on-24-entities

[68]

https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/after-assad-navigating-syria-policy-part-1;
https://english dot
alarabiya.internet/Information/middle-east/2024/12/29/syria-s-new-elections-and-draft-constitution-al-sharaa-outlines-timeline
;
https://www.voanews.com/a/syrian-ministers-urge-lifting-of-us-sanctions-in-first-visit-to-doha/7924928.html
;
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/16/world/middleeast/syria-al-shara-al-assad.html

[69] https://x.com/SanaAjel/standing/1897171591223726453

[70] https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/120550; https://x.com/thiqanewsagency/standing/1897356929003085848

[71] https://almadapaper dot internet/398044/

[72] https://almadapaper dot internet/397373/

[73] https://www.fdd.org/evaluation/op_eds/2024/06/04/the-islamic-resistance-in-iraq-increases-its-drone-attacks-on-israel/

[74] https://www.tgju dot org/forex; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-5-2025

[75] https://ir.usembassy.gov/quad-statement-iaea-board-of-governors-meeting/

[76]

https://ir.usembassy.gov/quad-statement-iaea-board-of-governors-meeting/
;
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-nuclear-watchdogs-35-nation-board-passes-resolution-against-iran-2024-11-21/

[77] https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-november-14-2024

[78] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/122460/full-text-of-the-iran-nuclear-deal.pdf

[79] https://en.mehrnews dot com/information/229297/Najafi-appointed-Iran-s-envoy-to-Vienna-based-intl-bodies

[80] https://english.alarabiya dot internet/Information/middle-east/2025/03/06/iran-appoints-new-envoy-to-un-nuclear-watchdog-