Katherine Wells, Alexandra Braverman, Carolyn Moorman, Kelly Campa,
Andie Parry, Siddhant Kishore, and Brian Carter
Data Cutoff 2:00pm ET
The
Essential Threats Challenge (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and
the Institute for the Examine of Struggle (ISW) publish the Iran Replace, which
supplies insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions that
undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits.
CTP-ISW publishes the Iran Replace each weekday.
Click on here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli floor operations, and here
to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of the continued opposition
offensive in Syria. These maps are up to date each day alongside the static
maps current on this report.
We don’t report intimately
on conflict crimes as a result of these actions are well-covered in Western media
and don’t instantly have an effect on the army operations we’re assessing and
forecasting. We completely condemn violations of the legal guidelines of armed
battle and the Geneva Conventions and crimes in opposition to humanity even
although we don’t describe them in these studies.
President
Donald Trump’s March 5 letter to Iranian Supreme Chief Ali Khamenei
set a two-month deadline to achieve a brand new nuclear deal, in response to an Axios report.[1] Iran could be very unlikely to comply with a brand new deal on a two-month timetable given its present insurance policies on negotiations. Trump’s
Might 2025 nuclear deal deadline would expire one month earlier than the E3’s
(Germany, France, and Italy) reported June 2025 deadline to conclude a
nuclear deal earlier than the reimposition of snapback sanctions.[2] Prior
negotiations, together with the 2015 nuclear deal, or Joint Complete
Plan of Motion (JCPOA), have taken for much longer and fell properly in need of
the present US objectives in negotiations. The JCPOA took 20 months to
negotiate.[3] White Home Nationwide Safety Adviser Mike Waltz said on
March 16 that Iran should ”hand over and quit” all parts of its
nuclear program.[4] Khamenei has additionally repeatedly explicitly rejected
negotiations with america given the US‘ present ”most
stress” marketing campaign.[5] Iranian officers who beforehand supported and
had been concerned in negotiations with america have since then
echoed Khamenei’s rejection of negotiations.[6] The conclusion of a
nuclear deal by June 2025 would require Khamenei to reverse his coverage
on negotiations whilst his prime army commanders and hardliner allies
advocate in opposition to negotiations.[7]
Iranian-backed Iraqi
militias have taken precautions to keep away from Israeli strikes in Iraq after
america reportedly repeatedly warned the Iraqi authorities to
stop assaults on Israel and US forces in Iraq. Iraqi International
Minister Faud Hussein additionally stated that Israel had threatened to strike
Iraq throughout an interview on March 17.[8] A number of US officers,
together with the secretaries of state and protection, might have mentioned these
warnings throughout latest conversations with Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammad
Shia al Sudani.[9] These warnings come amid renewed US airstrikes
focusing on the Houthis and new Israeli operations within the Gaza Strip. The
Iranian-backed Iraqi militias initially started their October 2023 to
February 2024 assault marketing campaign focusing on US forces in Iraq and Syria in
response to Israeli actions within the Gaza Strip. Three militia-affiliated
Iraqi sources informed Qatari media on March 19 that a number of militias
lately transferred weapons and personnel from militia positions to new
positions all through Iraq and at night time, in coordination with the Iraqi
federal authorities, “in anticipation” of Israeli strikes.[10]
Iranian-backed
Iraqi militias might goal Israel or US forces in Iraq and Syria in
response to Israeli operations within the Gaza Strip or US airstrikes
focusing on the Houthis. A Shia Coordination Framework-affiliated
politician informed Iraqi media on March 19 that the militias might assume
unspecified actions resulting from “latest developments.”[11] These “latest
developments” might embody US airstrikes focusing on the Houthis or
resumed Israeli operations within the Gaza Strip. These militias have
beforehand attacked US forces in retaliation for actual and perceived
Israeli actions within the Gaza Strip and elsewhere within the area.[12] The
Shia Coordination Framework, which is a unfastened coalition of Shia
political events, consists of some events with armed wings within the Islamic
Resistance of Iraq. The Islamic Resistance in Iraq is a coalition of
Iranian-backed Iraqi militias that constantly launched drone strikes
that focused Israel (from January to November 2024) and US forces (from
October 2023 to January 2024).[13] The assaults focusing on Israel sought
to retaliate for Israeli actions within the Gaza Strip.[14] The assaults
focusing on US forces possible sought to stress the US to power the
Israelis to finish the conflict within the Gaza Strip whereas concurrently
encouraging a US withdrawal from Iraq and Syria. Islamic Revolutionary
Guards Corps (IRGC) Quds Power commander Brigadier Basic Esmail Ghaani
reportedly informed PMF and Iranian-backed Iraqi militia leaders that Iran
would help any militia response to an Israeli strike in Iraq throughout a
go to to Baghdad on March 19, which might embody focusing on US
forces.[15]
US Central Command (CENTCOM) performed at
least 17 airstrikes focusing on Houthi industrial and administrative websites
throughout Houthi-controlled territory in Yemen since CTP-ISW’s cutoff on
March 18.[16] CENTCOM struck al Hebshi Iron Manufacturing facility, north of
Hudaydah Port, twice in two days.[17] Native and regional media reported
that CENTCOM additionally performed airstrikes on the Houthi’s Communications
Ministry and Postal Authority in Sanaa Metropolis, in addition to a number of websites in
the Houthi stronghold of Saada Governorate.[18] Yemeni journalists additionally
reported that US airstrikes in Al Jawf Governorate, northern Yemen, on
March 16 killed three Houthi officers, together with Commander Zain al
Abidin al Mahtouri in al Hazm Metropolis, al Jawf Governorate. Mahtouri
reportedly educated in Iran in 2020.[19]
The Houthis launched an unspecified variety of drones and cruise missiles focusing on the USS Harry S. Truman plane provider and US destroyers within the Purple Sea on March 18.[20] Houthi
army spokesperson Yahya Sarea said that that is the fourth time
the Houthis have attacked the plane provider in 72 hours. CENTCOM
printed footage on March 19 displaying the USS Harry S. Truman intercepting a Houthi one-way assault drone over an unspecified location within the Purple Sea.[21]
US President Donald Trump warned Iran in opposition to sending provides to the Houthis on March 19.[22] Houthi
International Minister Jamal Amer informed Iranian media that ”Iran doesn’t
intrude in our [Houthis] decision-making” and refuted studies from
March 18 that Iran requested the Houthis to de-escalate tensions with
america and Israel within the Purple Sea.[23] The Houthis are aligned
with Iran and Iran is nearly actually nonetheless supplying them with
weapons, however the Houthis generally act with out direct Iranian
approval.[24]
Sure rebel cells in Latakia Province
have demonstrated restricted improvised explosive machine (IED) manufacturing
capabilities. Safety forces dismantled an IED found close to
the Latakia-Jableh freeway on March 19.[25] The IED, which seems to
be a pipe with two fragmentation grenades, is a rudimentary machine that
the insurgents possible constructed to resemble rubbish and escape discover.
Safety forces additionally positioned and dismantled a equally produced IED
close to the identical highway on March 13.[26] Each IEDs are rudimentary gadgets
that aren’t notably tough to provide, however it’s notable that
rebel cells within the space have nascent IED manufacturing capabilities.
These capabilities might enhance if insurgents are in a position to purchase extra
experience, gear, and supplies. Miqdad al Fatiha, chief of
Assadist rebel group the Coastal Defend Brigade, vowed in a March 13
video assertion that his fighters would plant IEDs on roads within the subsequent
part of preventing in opposition to authorities forces.[27]
Syrian media reported that insurgents focused a number of automobiles with Molotov cocktails in Jableh, Latakia Province, on March 19.[28]
The insurgents then attacked a gasoline station within the space earlier than safety
forces arrived.[29] Insurgents’ focusing on of doable civilian automobiles
or civilian infrastructure might search to generate worry in native
communities and cut back a neighborhood’s religion in authorities forces.
Key Takeaways:
- Iranian Nuclear Program: President
Donald Trump’s March 5 letter to Iranian Supreme Chief Ali Khamenei
set a two-month deadline to achieve a brand new nuclear deal, in response to an Axios report. Iran could be very unlikely to comply with a brand new deal on a two-month timetable given its present insurance policies on negotiations. - Israel and Iraq: Iranian-backed
Iraqi militias have taken precautions to keep away from Israeli strikes in Iraq
after america reportedly repeatedly warned the Iraqi
authorities to stop assaults on Israel and US forces in Iraq.
Iranian-backed Iraqi militias might goal Israel or US forces in Iraq
and Syria in response to Israeli operations within the Gaza Strip or US
airstrikes focusing on the Houthis. - US Air Marketing campaign in Yemen: US
Central Command (CENTCOM) performed at the very least 17 airstrikes focusing on
Houthi industrial and administrative websites throughout Houthi-controlled
territory in Yemen since CTP-ISW’s cutoff on March 18. - Insurgency in Syria:
Sure rebel cells in Latakia Province have demonstrated restricted
improvised explosive machine (IED) manufacturing capabilities.
Syria
Syrian media reported that unknown gunmen killed a person accused of collaborating with the Assad regime in Aleppo Metropolis on March 19.[30]
Syrian media retailers and analysts posted differing accounts of
Naasani’s killing. An Aleppo-based outlet reported that unknown gunmen
on a bike killed Naasani.[31] One other Syrian analyst reported that
the gunmen shot Naasani in his workplace in Azamiyah District,
nonetheless.[32] The id of the attackers stay unclear, however
revenge-motivated killings of former Assad regime officers and
supporters have continued to happen in Syrian provinces outdoors of
the coastal area in latest weeks.
The US-backed Syrian
Democratic Forces (SDF) met with a Syrian interim authorities delegation
to debate the SDF’s integration into the Syrian state on March 19 at al
Shaddadi base, Hasakah Province.[33] SDF Commander Mazloum
Abdi headed the SDF delegation, which included a member of the Ladies‘s
Safety Items (YPJ) Basic Command.[34] Former Deir ez Zor Province
Governor Hussein Salama led a five-member authorities delegation that
Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara lately appointed to barter
with the SDF.[35] Syrian media reported that US representatives additionally
attended the discussions.[36] The US army has mediated between
sure opposition teams and the Syrian authorities in latest months,
in response to the Wall Road Journal.[37]
The SDF
introduced that the delegations agreed that working committees to handle
the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES)’s
financial, political, and army integration into the interim
authorities will begin work originally of April.[38] Syrian media
referred to as the assembly’s ambiance ”constructive,” however a number of excellent
points between the events stay, together with discussions over the
Constitutional Declaration and a doable ceasefire on the frontlines in
northeastern Syria.[39] The AANES lately publicly rejected the
Constitutional Declaration for obstructing a democratic transition and
prioritizing Arab id.[40]
Syrian Druze religious
chief Sheikh Hikmat at Hijri issued an in depth rebuke of the interim
authorities’s rule and decision-making since taking energy on March 18.[41]
Hijri has repeatedly condemned the interim authorities’s selections since
December 2024 whereas remaining open to working with Damascus.[42]
Hirji’s feedback on March 18 equally expressed his openness to
”cooperation” to appropriate the nation’s ”path.”[43] Hijri issued a number of
motion gadgets for the interim authorities together with re-writing the interim
structure, limiting presidential powers, and allowing higher
independence on the provincial stage.[44] Druze opinion stays deeply
divided on how one can take care of the interim authorities and Hijri doesn’t
have the final word say in Suwayda’s relationship with Damascus.[45]
Distinguished Druze militias, together with the Males of Dignity Motion, Mudafa
al Karama, and Ahrar Jabal al Arab Gathering, agreed with the interim
Syrian Inside Ministry on March 6 to ascertain regionally led provincial
safety forces below interim Syrian authorities management.[46] The interim
authorities opened recruitment facilities in Suwayda on March 12.[47]
The
Syrian interim authorities is probably going messaging that it will probably present
safety and seeks to stop sectarian battle by spreading particulars of
failed Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) assaults in January
2025.[48] The Syrian interim Inside Ministry distributed a
video that includes interviews with ISIS fighters describing the
group’s tried assault on distinguished Shia spiritual web site
Sayyidah Zeinab shrine and a Christian church in Rif Dimashq
Province.[49] The ISIS fighters stated that their aim was to ignite
”sectarian strife” in Syria by assaults on minorities.[50] CTP-ISW
assesses that ISIS will proceed to aim to set off sectarian
violence in Syria. The interim authorities is refuting Assadist and
Iranian accusations that the interim authorities is conducting
sectarian-motivated killings by publicizing their efforts to cease
sectarian assaults.[51] Damascus might want to take concrete motion and
guarantee a good authorized course of, together with charging, prosecuting, and
sentencing perpetrators of sectarian violence, to show that the
state is keen and in a position to shield minority communities, nonetheless. This
consists of concrete motion in opposition to the federal government’s allies who commit
acts of sectarian violence. Such prosecutions would allow the interim
authorities to revive belief amongst Syrians, notably Alawites, and
might undercut any rebel recruitment efforts.
Syrian
forces seized weapons after expelling Hezbollah-affiliated smugglers
from Hawsh al Sayyid Ali, Homs Province, on March 18.[52] Hawsh
al Sayyid Ali is reportedly a “central hub” for Hezbollah smuggling
operations, and movies posted on X (Twitter) confirmed that
Hezbollah-linked smugglers ran an operations middle within the city to
facilitate smuggling operations.[53] The Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)
deployed to Hawsh al Sayyid Ali in coordination with Syrian forces.[54]
The LAF performed patrols and closed a number of unlawful border crossings in
the Qusayr space between Syria and Lebanon.[55] Hezbollah-linked
smugglers shelled Syrian villages north of Hawsh al Sayyid Ali on March
18.[56]
Syrian
Public Safety Forces intercepted a cargo of weapons from Iran to
Lebanese Hezbollah at an unspecified location on the Syria-Lebanon
border on March 19.[57] CTP-ISW beforehand assessed that Iran
and its companions are possible trying to rebuild their smuggling
networks alongside the Syria-Lebanon border.[58]
The Israel
Protection Forces (IDF) Air Power continued to strike army
infrastructure inside Syria since CTP-ISW’s final information cut-off on March
18. A southern-Syria-based journalist reported on March 18 that
an Israeli drone struck a Syrian army place in al Kawm, Quneitra
Province.[59] The IDF Air Power individually struck a former Syrian Arab
Military (SAA) air protection base in Shinshar, Homs Province, on March 18.[60]
Homs Province is outdoors the IDF-declared “demilitarized” zone in
southern Syria.[61]
Iraq
Axis of Resistance goals:
- Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance affect over the Iraqi state and society
- Harden the Iraqi authorities in opposition to inner dissent
Shia
Basrawi demonstrators gathered on the Turkish consulate in Basra on
March 18 to protest “Turkish-Zionist” aggression in opposition to Alawites and
Shiites in Syria.[62] Protest consultant Sheikh Mujtaba al
Mansouri referred to as on Iraqi Sunni students to challenge an official place on
the “takfiri gangs,” which is a reference to the interim authorities
forces in Syria. Mansouri is a member of Iranian-backed Iraqi militia
Kataib Hezbollah.[63] Iran and Iranian-backed Iraqi teams use the time period
”takfiri” to confer with armed Sunni organizations like ISIS and al Qaeda.
Iran and its companions continuously apply the identical label to different Sunni
Islamist organizations, together with the leaders of the Syrian
authorities.[64] Iranian-backed Iraqi actors have described the autumn of
the Assad regime as a “Turkish conspiracy” and Iranian media has accused
Turkey of condoning the killing of Alawites in Syria.[65]
Preparations
for the October 2025 Iraqi Parliamentary Elections stay on observe,
regardless of Victory Coalition head Haider al Abadi’s declare that Iraqi
parliamentary elections will likely be delayed to December 2025. Abadi
supplied no proof for his assertion.[66] An official from the
Unbiased Excessive Electoral Fee (IHEC), which is the Iraqi
electoral fee, informed Iraqi media on March 19 that preparations for
the October elections stay on observe.[67]
Arabian Peninsula
Axis of Resistance goals:
- Harden the Houthi regime in opposition to inner dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
- Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition as a way to management all of Yemen
- Erode Israeli will to proceed the conflict within the Gaza Strip
See topline part.
The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon
Axis of Resistance goals:
- Erode the desire of the Israeli political institution and public to maintain clearing operations within the Gaza Strip
- Reestablish Hamas because the governing authority within the Gaza Strip
- Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
- Set up the West Financial institution as a viable entrance in opposition to Israel
CTP-ISW
is not going to be overlaying the brand new Israeli operation within the Gaza Strip. We
have reprioritized our Center East protection to deal with Iran’s nuclear
program, Iranian home safety, and Iranian efforts to rebuild its
networks into the Levant, together with the Palestinian Territories. Given
that Israel and its companions have destroyed Hamas’ army group
and severed the group’s capacity to resupply itself, we are actually centered
on how Iran seeks to rebuild its traces of communication with Hezbollah
and Hamas by Syria.
Iranian Choice-Making, Inner Dynamics, and International Coverage
The Iranian rial depreciated from 976,600 rials to at least one US greenback on March 18 to 977,800 rials to at least one US greenback on March 19.[68]
The
Iran Replace supplies insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored
actions overseas that undermine regional stability and threaten US
forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions and tendencies that have an effect on the
stability and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Essential
Threats Challenge (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and the
Institute for the Examine of Struggle (ISW) supplies these updates frequently
primarily based on regional occasions.
CTP-ISW defines the “Axis of
Resistance” because the unconventional alliance that Iran has cultivated in
the Center East for the reason that Islamic Republic got here to energy in 1979. This
transnational coalition is comprised of state, semi-state, and non-state
actors that cooperate to safe their collective pursuits. Tehran
considers itself to be each a part of the alliance and its chief. Iran
furnishes these teams with various ranges of monetary, army, and
political help in trade for some extent of affect or management
over their actions. Some are conventional proxies which might be extremely
attentive to Iranian course, whereas others are companions over which
Iran exerts extra restricted affect. Members of the Axis of Resistance
are united by their grand strategic goals, which embody eroding
and finally expelling American affect from the Center East,
destroying the Israeli state, or each. Pursuing these goals and
supporting the Axis of Resistance to these ends have grow to be cornerstones
of Iranian regional technique.
[1]
https://www.axios.com/2025/03/19/trump-letter-iran-nuclear-deal ;
https://www.axios.com/2025/03/07/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-letter
[2] https://jewishinsider dot com/2025/02/uk-ambassador-israel-simon-walters-inss-iran-nuclear-talks-sanctions/
[3] https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/
[4] https://www.axios.com/2025/03/16/trump-strikes-yemen-iranian-targets-waltz
[5] https://www.chief dot ir/fa/content material/27964 ; https://farsi.khamenei dot ir/news-content?id=59652
[6]
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-10-2025
; https://www.tasnimnewsdot com/fa/information/1403/12/07/3264996
[7]
https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-february-9-2025 ;
https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-august-21-2024 ;
https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-3-2025 ;
https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-7-2025
[8] https://www.youtube.com/reside/LE7IQQxo_u4?si=iaQ57JEbj73jBBDp
[9]
https://www.shafaq dot
com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D9percent88percentD8percentB2percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84-%D9percent85percentD8percentB1percentD9percent8ApercentD9percent83percentD9percent8A-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentB0percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7-%D8percentB3percentD9percent86percentD8percentB1percentD8percentAF-%D8percentB9percentD9percent84percentD9percent89-%D9percent8A-%D8percentAFpercentD8percentB9percentD9percent85-%D9percent84percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD9percent88percentD8percentABpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent86
;
https://www.state.gov/secretary-rubios-call-with-iraqi-prime-minister-sudani/
[10]
https://www.alaraby dot
co.uk/politics/%D8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB5-%D9percent81percentD8percentB5percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA6percentD9percent84-%D8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentACpercentD8percentB1percentD9percent8A-%D8percentB9percentD9percent85percentD9percent84percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D9percent86percentD9percent82percentD9percent84-%D9percent84percentD9percent85percentD9percent82percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAApercentD9percent87percentD8percentA7-%D8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentB3percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7-%D9percent84percentD8percentA3percentD9percent8A-%D9percent87percentD8percentACpercentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA
[11] https://almadapaper dot internet/398982/
[12] https://almadapaper dot internet/398982/
[13]
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/tracking-anti-us-and-anti-israel-strikes-iraq-and-syria-during-gaza-crisis
; https://isw.pub/IranUpdate100424
[14] https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/CTC-SENTINEL-112023.pdf pg 16
[15]
https://shafaq dot
com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentADpercentD8percentB5percentD8percentB1percentD9percent8A-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7-%D9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA8percentD8percentBApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAF-%D8percentA8percentD8percentB2percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA9-%D8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB7percentD9percent81percentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentA7-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D9percent81percentD8percentB5percentD8percentA7-%D9percent84-%D9percent88percentD8percentB3percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD9percent8ApercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent86-%D8percentB1percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB5percentD8percentA9
[16]
https://x.com/CENTCOM/standing/1902145041063178333;
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-10-us-strikes-target-areas-yemen-2025-03-18/;
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1902162788128088547;
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1902400794512757017;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1902420820825120944;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1902426295910224204
[17]
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1902162788128088547;
https://x.com/BashaReport/standing/1902194143209611339;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1902119819769417924;
https://x.com/Alhadath_Ymn/standing/1902249563098149230
[18]
https://x.com/AlArabiya_Brk/standing/1902404444316434917;
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-10-us-strikes-target-areas-yemen-2025-03-18/
; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1902096721271742701;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1902401531288150222
[19] https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1902174821531713731 ; https://x.com/sanaanow360/standing/1901795262848537082
[20] https://x.com/army21ye/standing/1902157248425566266
[21] https://x.com/CENTCOM/standing/1902332718215577795
[22] https://x.com/JasonMBrodsky/standing/1902400036803080592
[23] https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/733978; https://x.com/iraninarabic_ir/standing/1902367832458793368
[24] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-18-2025
[25] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902308461292958156
[26] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1900197399085080732/photograph/1
[27] https://www.fb.com/lattakiajablehnews/movies/1323265752211807/?ref=embed_video
[28] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902102880842043900
[29] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902102880842043900
[30]
https://t.me/ALMHARAR/75267;
https://www.syriahr.com/%D9percent85percentD8percentAApercentD9percent87percentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB9percentD8percentA7percentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D9percent85percentD8percentB9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent86percentD8percentB8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD9percent82-%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent85percentD9percent88/753642/
[31] https://www.fb.com/story.php/?story_fbid=1060684746083417&id=100064257056181
[32] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902118540989096205
[33] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/standing/1902358921949368823
[34]
https://x.com/SDF_Syria/standing/1902358921949368823 ;
https://www.aljazeera dot
internet/information/2025/3/17/%d8percentb9percentd8percenta7percentd8percentacpercentd9percent84-%d9percent85percentd8percentb5percentd8percenta7percentd8percentafpercentd8percentb1-%d9percent84percentd9percent84percentd8percentacpercentd8percentb2percentd9percent8apercentd8percentb1percentd8percenta9-%d8percenta7percentd9percent84percentd8percentb1percentd8percenta6percentd8percenta7percentd8percentb3percentd8percenta9-%d8percenta7percentd9percent84percentd8percentb3percentd9percent88percentd8percentb1percentd9percent8apercentd8percenta9-2
[35]
https://www.aljazeera.internet/information/2025/3/17/%d8percentb9percentd8percenta7percentd8percentacpercentd9percent84-%d9percent85percentd8percentb5percentd8percenta7percentd8percentafpercentd8percentb1-%d9percent84percentd9percent84percentd8percentacpercentd8percentb2percentd9percent8apercentd8percentb1percentd8percenta9-%d8percenta7percentd9percent84percentd8percentb1percentd8percenta6percentd8percenta7percentd8percentb3percentd8percenta9-%d8percenta7percentd9percent84percentd8percentb3percentd9percent88percentd8percentb1percentd9percent8apercentd8percenta9-2
[36] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1902341427520053331; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1902373482911965537
[37]
https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-military-brokers-deals-to-bring-syrian-factions-together-185e3887?msockid=31724c4845486561027c583141486b0b
[38] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/standing/1902358921949368823; https://x.com/HalabTodayTV/standing/1901598870032765430
[39]
https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1902341427520053331; https://npasyria
dot com/207833/ ;
https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-13-2025
[40] https://npasyria dot com/207833/ ; https://x.com/RojavaNetwork/standing/1900324030340858166 ; aanesgov dot org/?p=18686
[41] https://www.fb.com/Suwayda24/posts/pfbid02KVkhRuMs235jCFVpE1TKCX7oMAYctwBqPzdWJqTsgJmAiSgY2s8CzhdmX6qerXB9l
[42]
https://www.fb.com/Suwayda24/movies/2626760854180613/?__cft__[0]=AZXJGsSYEnshqx4ZhUkgqK9jg9VIOm1rng9mSVgM7_5Omv39CxHwYbRpDORM4PPkIM47y2Vm8g1VCd7gJ6Yx1Gj2uQ4WGj_Nfmnn4GnnnWWe6fhLuomRSVZyFe8ETpr-HniQz_DMnF3fyS86WjIZziAT4IHcW_82ipcnElKotREqq0tR7VCskzKufEjm3_Gmg6wrIq-6z6fMBX_hKNAW7p1r&__tn__=%2COpercent2CP-R
; https://x.com/suwayda24/standing/1869503977483579588 ;
https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/druze-leader-hikmat-al-hijri-outlines-vision-for-a-future-syria.html
[43] https://www.fb.com/Suwayda24/posts/pfbid02KVkhRuMs235jCFVpE1TKCX7oMAYctwBqPzdWJqTsgJmAiSgY2s8CzhdmX6qerXB9l
[44] https://www.fb.com/Suwayda24/posts/pfbid02KVkhRuMs235jCFVpE1TKCX7oMAYctwBqPzdWJqTsgJmAiSgY2s8CzhdmX6qerXB9l
[45]
https://www.fb.com/Suwayda24/movies/2027846824359709/?__cft__[0]=AZX34NFtdXsu_IGMLm0lT-bMGBYkzPrS0VNMTcZGPQxLV2GBDM5WEh5IrI9JGd9LjZDo0RkEwomt3bk77tA1Z-E0wc7KR_bbQuVjjDF7V8BkFAeYeyhCxxIPa6BxhbR5Z3FQD–xEuWM-nXhVgits-qMos2fnBnIlcj3ttFHOB0L0QqexW2XdTvGaWKktHbaRDmLtfbgv1nZ_9Ji8cupnjfM&__tn__=%2COpercent2CP-R
; https://x.com/omar_alharir/standing/1900136861340701163
[46]
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-13-2025 ;
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-6-2025 ;
https://www.fb.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1181914033301593&id=100044490217016
[47]
https://www.fb.com/Suwayda24/posts/pfbid0zm7YXMkKjuSGDe3VpbEe2oB8tqm57mWxuttoDeZpp1EBqKrCQB52htoHpRvV73wsl?__cft__[0]=AZV8bSru5DId1PwXz4zkyGianTte9MRue0gFiAIA3R3i40aYq6WrwrwYqqWrCJpHXe86xdLxIY_60IlG5wzWvDngFqUv4MM6-K5Nqv80KVL4fQpZrAm9RS7iFaI3ZhP0QC1ZvrYCB4L7xUn-EwGxXhvW4pc3PvJ5V-AjxR9AvVA0rFGOV9cOFQIowionOP8G-PY&__tn__=%2COpercent2CP-R
[48]
https://apnews.com/article/syria-islamic-state-sayyida-zeinab-shiite-shrine-attack-b4b98ffc8890b30703db16ad770c2fb4
; https://t.me/syrianmoi/23434
[49] https://t.me/syrianmoi/23434
[50] https://t.me/syrianmoi/23434
[51] https://isw.pub/IranUpdate031125 ; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-28-2024
[52] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902086384199897369
[53] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902109798063087893 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902109798063087893
[54] https://x.com/LebarmyOfficial/standing/1902285642811195793
[55] https://x.com/LebarmyOfficial/standing/1902319055891001399 ; https://x.com/LebarmyOfficial/standing/1902285642811195793
[56] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902101630306414994 ; https://x.com/SanaAjel/standing/1902099330447663289
[57] https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/121028
[58] https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-march-17-2025
[59] https://x.com/Nuorgolan/standing/1902167489091367089
[60] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/138816 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1902089324549828740/photograph/1
[61] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-24-2025
[62]
https://www.shafaq dot
com/ar/%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent80percentD9percent85percentD8percentB9/%D9percent83percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7-%D9percent83percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7-%D8percentACpercentD9percent88percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent87percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentADpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB4percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D9percent85percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD8percentB2-%D8percentAApercentD9percent82percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent81percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB2percentD8percentA7-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB5percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA9-%D8percentB5percentD9percent88percentD8percentB1-%D9percent88percentD9percent81percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent88
[63] https://kataibhezbollah dot me/information/1758
[64]
https://isw.pub/IranUpdate123124 ;
https://www.mei.edu/publications/iraqi-officials-moscow-visit-bolsters-iran-run-militias-role
[65] https://www.mehrnews dot com/information/6401569/ ; https://almadapaper dot internet/397476/
[66] https://www.nrttv dot com/element/46723 ; https://isw.pub/IranUpdate022025
[67] https://almadapaper dot internet/399011/
[68] https://www.tgju dot org/profile/price_dollar_rl; https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-18-2025
