Iran Update, March 12, 2025

The danger of sectarian violence from Syria spilling into Iraq is growing. A newly fashioned Shia group known as the Ya Ali In style Formations introduced on March 11 that it has begun to pursue Jabhat al Nusra members and supporters round Baghdad.[1] The group is probably going referring to Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) members and supporters, on condition that Jabhat al Nusra was the predecessor group to HTS. The group then posted a video purportedly of masked people bodily threatening Syrian nationals in a bakery in Baghdad.[2] The group expressed hope that others would emulate these actions all through Iraq.[3] This comes after the group said on March 9 that it could “pursue” and “expel” Syrians who assist “[HTS] terrorism towards the Alawite individuals and minorities.”[4] Social media accounts claimed that the group is affiliated with both the Iranian-backed In style Mobilization Forces (PMF) or the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC).[5] CTP-ISW can’t confirm these claims on the time of this writing. It isn’t clear precisely what finish state the Ya Ali In style Formations seeks to generate primarily based on its statements up to now. The group might, in truth, search to stoke sectarian battle straight.

The Ya Ali In style Formations’ exercise comes at a very tense second within the Iraqi political scene. Sunni events have tried to relitigate their place within the Iraqi political order in latest weeks, particularly calling for the implementation of long-held political calls for. Distinguished Shia leaders, together with former Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki, have responded harshly, utilizing sectarian rhetoric and conflating Sunni events with extremist teams.[6] Maliki implicitly accused Sunnis of making an attempt to overthrow the Iraqi federal authorities.[7] The Iranian-backed Iraqi militia Kataib Sayyid al Shuhada secretary normal, Abu Alaa al Walai, equally in contrast some Sunni actors to the Islamic State after these actors criticized the Iraqi Federal Supreme Courtroom for blocking sure laws.[8] The Iraqi Federal Supreme Courtroom suspended the implementation of the Normal Amnesty Legislation on February 4.[9] The Normal Amnesty Legislation grants amnesty to many Iraqis, together with many Sunnis who had been arrested beneath Article 4 of the Anti-Terrorism Legislation.[10] A number of notable Sunnis, together with former Parliament Speaker Mohamed al Halbousi protested the Federal Supreme Courtroom’s preliminary choice.[11]

Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammad Shia al Sudani reportedly withdrew the PMF Service and Retirement Legislation from the Iraqi parliamentary agenda on March 11.[12] The PMF is an Iraqi state safety service that features many Iranian-backed Iraqi militias.[13] The PMF Service and Retirement Legislation would reportedly require round 3,500 PMF leaders, together with In style Mobilization Committee Chairman Faleh al Fayyadh, to retire because of their age.[14] Sudani seemingly withdrew the regulation from the parliamentary agenda as a result of he opposes Fayyadh’s removing and seeks to stop political impasse.[15] Parliament has didn’t convene in latest weeks as a result of some Iranian-aligned events have boycotted Parliament over the PMF Service and Retirement Legislation.[16] Iranian-backed Iraqi militia Asaib Ahl al Haq’s (AAH) Sadiqoun Bloc and former Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki’s State of Legislation Coalition introduced in February 2025 that they’d boycott Parliament till the regulation is included on the parliamentary agenda, for instance.[17] AAH and Maliki each search to take away Fayyadh.

Iraqi media reported that the Iraqi federal authorities seeks to exchange the PMF Service and Retirement Legislation with a regulation that may restructure the PMF.[18] It’s unclear who or what group within the Iraqi federal authorities is main the trouble to restructure the PMF. Iraqi media reported on March 12 that the PMF restructuring regulation would “verify” former Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi’s 2019 decree that required the PMF to combine into the Iraqi armed forces.[19] The 2019 decree declared that “all In style Mobilization Forces are to function as an indivisible a part of the armed forces and be topic to the identical rules.”[20] The efforts to restructure the PMF come as the USA has pressured the Iraqi federal authorities to dissolve and disarm the PMF and reportedly threatened to sanction PMF leaders.[21] The Iraqi federal authorities might calculate that it might forestall US sanctions if it takes significant steps towards integrating the PMF into the Iraqi safety institution. These efforts have up to now confirmed fruitless, nonetheless, as Iranian-backed Iraqi militias that management models within the PMF have “full[ly] refused” to disarm and combine into the Iraqi armed forces.[22]

Iranian-backed Badr Group Secretary Normal Hadi al Ameri expressed assist for the PMF restructuring regulation and permitting Sudani to increase Fayyadh’s time period as PMC chairman throughout an interview on March 11.[23] Ameri’s assist for the PMF restructuring regulation and Fayyadh is notable given latest reviews that Sudani might ally with Ameri, Fayyadh, and Iraqi Labor and Social Affairs Minister Ahmed al Asadi within the October 2025 parliamentary elections.[24]

Unidentified actors carried out a drone strike focusing on a Turkish base in Ninewa Province, Iraq, on March 12.[25] Iraqi media reported that Turkish forces intercepted the drone earlier than it reached Zilkan base. This assault comes as Iran has appeared more and more annoyed with Turkish affect in Syria and Turkish regional coverage.[26] Iranian state media circulated reviews that Turkey interfered in Syrian affairs and condoned the killing of Alawites.[27] Iranian-backed Iraqi militias have traditionally attacked Zilkan base and different Turkish positions in northern Iraq to impose a value on Turkey for its regional actions.[28]

The Houthis introduced that they may resume assaults on worldwide delivery.[29] This announcement highlights the risk that the Houthis proceed to pose to international commerce round strategic maritime routes. The Houthis introduced that their forthcoming assaults will goal Israeli vessels, which can seemingly embrace vessels which can be touring to and from Israel or affiliated with Israeli entities. The Houthis might assault US vessels as nicely, given the shut relationship between the USA and Israel.

Houthi assaults on worldwide delivery will proceed to impose an financial toll on the USA and broader worldwide neighborhood. Delivery prices across the Purple Sea and Gulf of Aden elevated considerably after the Houthis started attacking vessels there in October 2023. These prices have but to return to their pre-October 2023 ranges, regardless that the Houthis have carried out no assaults since November 2024.[30] The resumption of Houthi assaults will seemingly elevate delivery prices additional, as transit round Yemen turns into riskier.

Iranian Supreme Chief Ali Khamenei rejected the potential for nuclear negotiations with the USA on March 12, marking the third such occasion in latest weeks.[31] Khamenei accused the USA of making an attempt to deceive and weaken Iran.[32] Khamenei asserted that Iran can’t safe sanctions aid by way of talks in response to unspecified home requires engagement with the USA. That Khamenei has reiterated this rejection of negotiations incessantly in latest weeks might point out that he’s particularly responding to pro-negotiations parts within the regime. His feedback come as senior UAE official Anwar Gargash delivered a message from US President Donald Trump to Iran on March 12.[33] The message known as for negotiations, in keeping with Trump.[34]

The Iranian protection minister paid an official go to to Belarus, highlighting the burgeoning strategic relationship between the 2 international locations. Iranian Protection and Armed Forces Logistics Minister Brigadier Normal Aziz Nasir Zadeh met with Belarusian Protection Minister Lieutenant Normal Victor Khrenin in Minsk on March 12.[35] Nasir Zadeh lauded Tehran-Minsk cooperation towards “unilateralism” and signed a protection memorandum of understanding. This memorandum seemingly associated to protection industrial cooperation, on condition that is among the major duties of the Iranian protection ministry.[36] This go to follows different latest conferences between senior Iranian and Belarusian officers held a number of in late 2024.[37] These conferences come as Iran and Belarus signed a strategic cooperation settlement and Iran started working to construct a navy drone manufacturing unit in Belarus in an effort to assist the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[38]

Key Takeaways:

• Iraq: The danger of sectarian violence spilling from Syria into Iraq is growing. A newly fashioned Iraqi Shia group known as for assaults and harassment focusing on HTS members and supporters.
• Iraq: Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammad Shia al Sudani reportedly withdrew the PMF Service and Retirement Legislation from the Iraqi parliamentary agenda.
• Yemen: The Houthis introduced that they may resume assaults on worldwide delivery, highlighting the risk that they pose to international commerce round strategic maritime routes.
• Iran: Iranian Supreme Chief Ali Khamenei rejected the potential for nuclear negotiations with the USA, marking the third such occasion in latest weeks.
• Iran: The Iranian protection minister paid an official go to to Belarus, highlighting the burgeoning strategic relationship between the 2 international locations.

Syria

The Syrian Constitutional Committee is predicted to current an preliminary draft of the structure to interim Syrian President Ahmed al Shara on March 12. Unspecified sources cited by al Jazeera claimed that the draft structure will probably be based in Islamic jurisprudence, outline the separation of energy, together with an impartial judiciary, and emphasize transitional justice to carry former Assad regime members accountable for crimes dedicated beneath the Assad regime.[39] Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara appointed seven Syrians to draft a non-permanent “constitutional declaration” that Shara himself will approve.[40] Shara’s management over the creation of the constitutional declaration leaves Syrian residents few devices by way of which they will affect the route of the Syrian transitional authorities past the committee’s guarantees that it’s going to contemplate the suggestions of the Nationwide Dialogue Convention.

Former Assad regime members have continued to assault interim Syrian authorities forces in western Syria since CTP-ISW’s final information lower off on March 11. Interim Syrian authorities forces deployed to Barmaia, Tartous Province, on March 12 to safe the world.[41] Syrian media later reported that former Assad regime members killed 9 Syrian troopers in Barmaia on March 12.[42] Former Assad regime members additionally attacked an interim authorities gas truck convoy between Latakia and Baniyas.[43]

The Turkish-backed Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA) resumed assaults focusing on the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in northeastern Syria regardless of the SDF-Syrian interim authorities ceasefire. The SNA shelled SDF positions alongside the M4 freeway in Aleppo and Hasakah provinces on March 11 and 12.[44] The SDF signed the ceasefire settlement with the interim authorities in Damascus at roughly 2000 native time on March 10.[45] The SNA briefly paused assaults on SDF positions in northeastern Syria after the SDF and the Syrian interim authorities agreed to a ceasefire.[46] Turkey, nonetheless, continued to strike SDF positions between March 10 and 12, regardless of the ceasefire.[47]

The SNA assaults on the SDF means that Syrian interim authorities has restricted management over the SNA. The SNA began integrating its forces into the Syrian Interim Protection Ministry in late December 2024.[48] The absorption of the SNA into the brand new Syrian military due to this fact obliges the SNA to uphold the ceasefire. SNA’s violation of the ceasefire signifies that the interim authorities has not but built-in the SNA factions as people or alternatively has allowed SNA factions to combine into the Protection Ministry as blocs. Integrating SNA parts as navy blocs throughout the protection ministry permits the SNA to protect its unique command construction. The SNA models will due to this fact stay loyal to their respective political leaders and never essentially observe the Protection Ministry chain of command. Permitting SNA parts to exist as unified blocs creates difficulties for Syrian Interim President Ahmed al Shara to successfully management these models and consolidate energy in SNA-controlled areas of northeastern Syria.

Israeli Protection Minister Israel Katz reiterated Israel’s intent to guard the Syrian Druze neighborhood throughout a go to to Israeli forces deployed within the UN Disengagement Observer Pressure (UNDOF) zone on March 11.[49] Katz visited an Israel Protection Forces (IDF) place situated on high of the Syrian facet of Mount Hermon.[50] Katz said that the Syrian facet of Mount Hermon is among the three Israel-designated ”safety zones” contained in the Syrian territory. Mount Hermon is a strategic website because it provides remark into each southern Syrian plain and Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. The IDF seized the Syrian facet of Mount Hermon on December 8 and has since launched floor operations to destroy navy websites in southern Syria.[51] A southern Syria-based journalist reported that the IDF searched a residence in Jabata al Khashab, Quneitra Province, on March 11.[52]

Iraq

Axis of Resistance targets:

• Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance affect over the Iraqi state and society
• Harden the Iraqi authorities towards inner dissent

Iraqi media, citing Kurdish sources, reported on March 12 that Turkish plane struck Kurdistan Employees’ Celebration (PKK) positions round Amedi District, Duhok Province, Iraqi Kurdistan.[53]

The Iraqi federal authorities repatriated 161 Iraqi households from al Hol camp in northeastern Syria on March 12.[54] A camp administrator instructed Iraqi media that US forces escorted the buses carrying the households to the Iraq-Syria border, the place the households can be transferred to al Jadaa camp in Ninewa Province. This improvement comes after the Iraqi Displacement and Migration Ministry introduced on March 5 that Iraq wouldn’t repatriate Iraqi residents from al Hol camp for 4 to 6 months and would deal with rehabilitating the roughly 3,500 Iraqi residents in al Jadaa camp.[55] The Displacement and Migration Ministry spokesperson stated in February 2025 that the Iraqi federal authorities might droop repatriation from al Hol camp because of an absence of US funding ensuing from the USAID funding freeze.[56]

Arabian Peninsula

Axis of Resistance targets:

• Harden the Houthi regime towards inner dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
• Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition in an effort to management all of Yemen
• Erode Israeli will to proceed the warfare within the Gaza Strip

See topline part.

The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon

Axis of Resistance targets:

• Erode the desire of the Israeli political institution and public to maintain clearing operations within the Gaza Strip
• Reestablish Hamas because the governing authority within the Gaza Strip
• Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
• Set up the West Financial institution as a viable entrance towards Israel

Nothing vital to report.

Iranian Resolution-Making, Inner Dynamics, and International Coverage

Iran, Russia, and China concluded the trilateral “Maritime Safety Belt 2025” train within the Indian Ocean on March 12.[57] Iranian Artesh Navy and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy vessels participated in a parade alongside the Russian and Chinese language vessels. Iranian, Russian, and Chinese language particular operations forces practiced recapturing a hijacked vessel throughout the train.[58]

The Iranian rial depreciated from 923,300 rials to at least one US greenback on March 11 to 926,800 rials to at least one US greenback on March 12.[59]

The Iran Replace offers insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions overseas that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions and tendencies that have an effect on the soundness and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Crucial Threats Undertaking (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Examine of Struggle (ISW) offers these updates commonly primarily based on regional occasions.

CTP-ISW defines the “Axis of Resistance” because the unconventional alliance that Iran has cultivated within the Center East because the Islamic Republic got here to energy in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state, semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to safe their collective pursuits. Tehran considers itself to be each a part of the alliance and its chief. Iran furnishes these teams with various ranges of monetary, navy, and political assist in alternate for a point of affect or management over their actions. Some are conventional proxies which can be extremely attentive to Iranian route, whereas others are companions over which Iran exerts extra restricted affect. Members of the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic targets, which embrace eroding and finally expelling American affect from the Center East, destroying the Israeli state, or each. Pursuing these targets and supporting the Axis of Resistance to these ends have develop into cornerstones of Iranian regional technique.

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[2] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/138145

[3] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/138168

[4] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1898801700833476918

[5] https://x.com/ismaelalwaily/standing/1899574024403046884 ; https://x.com/ScharoMaroof/standing/1899791628681859308

[6] https://www.aljazeera dot com/options/2011/12/28/rivals-say-maliki-leading-iraq-to-civil-war

[7] https://www.rudawarabia dot internet/arabic/middleeast/iraq/010220253

[8] https://x.com/aboalaa_alwalae/standing/1886908906062123310

[9] https://almadapaper dot internet/395212/

[10] https://www.newarab dot com/information/iraqi-parliament-debates-controversial-amendment-amnesty-law

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[12] https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB3percentD8percentADpercentD8percentA8-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D8percentAApercentD9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9percentD8percentAF-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAF-%D9percent85percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86

[13] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/leadership-and-purpose-iraqpercentE2percent80percent99s-popular-mobilization-forces

[14] https://almadapaper dot internet/398498/

[15] https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/ar/story/825332/%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAF-%D9percent8ApercentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent82percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAEpercentD9percent84-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA5percentD8percentB7percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB4percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB9percentD9percent8A ;

https://english.aawsat dot com/arab-world/5121064-iraqi-pm-suspends-popular-mobilization-forces-retirement-law

[16] https://www.shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentAEpercentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB4percentD9percent84-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD9percent8A-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentB1percentD9percent85percentD8percentB6percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB7percentD8percentB9percentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD8percentB3percentD8percentAApercentD9percent85percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA9

[17] https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/ar/story/825332/%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAF-%D9percent8ApercentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent82percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAEpercentD9percent84-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA5percentD8percentB7percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB4percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB9percentD9percent8A

[18] https://almadapaper dot internet/398498/

[19] https://almadapaper dot internet/398498/

[20] https://www.aljazeera dot com/information/2019/7/1/iraqi-pm-decree-curbs-powers-of-iranian-allied-militias ;

https://www.fb.com/Adil.Abd.Al.Mahdi1/posts/2555597017838156

[21] https://almadapaper dot internet/389291/ ; https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentB1percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentB0percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1-%D9percent85percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD8percentBApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAF-10-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAF-%D9percent88percentD8percentB4percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentB6percentD9percent85percentD9percent86-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent8A-%D9percent85percentD8percentA9-%D8percentB9percentD9percent82percentD9percent88percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA

[22] https://www.shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentA8percentD9percent82percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB7percentD8percentB9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent81percentD8percentB5percentD8percentA7-%D9percent84-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD9percent82percentD9percent88percentD9percent84-%D9percent84percentD8percentA7-%D9percent84percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84-%D8percentAEpercentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB0percentD9percent83percentD8percentB1percentD9percent87percentD9percent85-%D8percentA8percentD9percent85percentD8percentB5percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent87percentD9percent85

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[24] https://iraqtoday dot com/ar/information/88630/%D8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentACpercentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB3percentD8percentA8percentD9percent82-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentAApercentD8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent8ApercentD9percent81percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent82-%D8percentB9percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent83percentD9percent8A-%D9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAEpercentD8percentB2percentD8percentB9percentD9percent84percentD9percent8A?newest

[25] https://baghdadtoday dot information/269731-%D8percentA8percentD8percentB9percentD8percentAF-%D9percent87percentD8percentACpercentD9percent88percentD9percent85-%D9percent85percentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD8percentACpercentD8percentA6.-%D8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentAApercentD9percent86percentD9percent81percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA3percentD9percent83percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D8percentB9percentD9percent84percentD9percent89-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA3percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB6percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9.html

[26] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-11-2025

[27] https://www.mehrnews dot com/information/6401569/

[28] https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/muqawamas-duel-turkey

[29] http://x.com/army21ye/standing/1899563866599678368 ; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1899883401034842138

[30] https://storymaps.arcgis.com/tales/756ca769315d4b879ca7fdd6bd4a82be ; https://www.drewry.co.uk/supply-chain-advisors/supply-chain-expertise/world-container-index-assessed-by-drewry

see graphic beneath

[31] https://farsi.khamenei dot ir/news-content?id=59652

; https://www.chief dot ir/fa/content material/27964 ; https://farsi.khamenei dot ir/speech-content?id=59631 ; https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/731792 ; https://www.isna dot ir/information/1403122013688; https://www.entekhab dot ir/fa/information/854920

[32] https://farsi.khamenei dot ir/news-content?id=59652

[33] https://www.mehrnews dot com/information/6406368

[34] https://www.axios.com/2025/03/07/trump-iran-nuclear-deal-letter

[35] https://www.mehrnews dot com/information/6406152

[36] https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Pivot-to-Offense-How-Iran-Is-Adapting-for-Trendy-Battle-and-Warfare.pdf (P. 20)

https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-august-12-2024

[37] https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/683452;

https://eng.belt dot by/partner_news/view/belarus-air-force-chief-meets-iranian-commanders-to-discuss-defense-ties-160327-2024/;

https://www.mehrnews dot com/information/6280330

[38] https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/607393;

https://www.jpost dot com/breaking-news/article-742605 ;

[39] https://www.aljazeera dot internet/information/2025/3/12/%D8percentB9percentD8percentA7percentD8percentACpercentD9percent84-%D9percent85percentD8percentB5percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D9percent84percentD9percent84percentD8percentACpercentD8percentB2percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD8percentA9-%D8percentA3percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB1percentD8percentB2-%D9percent86percentD9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB7-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA5percentD8percentB9percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86

[40] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/565

[41] https://t.me/SyrianArabNewsAgency/125030

[42] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/138219

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[45] https://t.me/G_CSyriaa/593

[46] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-10-2025

[47] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/138153 ; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1899585841053245830 ;

 https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1899796978529136750

[48] https://x.com/AljawhariS25970/standing/1873682886261391599 ; https://syrianobserver dot com/safety/sharaa-meets-leaders-of-military-factions-agree-to-integrate-them-under-ministry-of-defense.html

[49] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/atop-peak-of-mt-hermon-katz-says-syrian-leader-will-see-indefinite-idf-deployment/

[50] https://www.timesofisrael dot com/atop-peak-of-mt-hermon-katz-says-syrian-leader-will-see-indefinite-idf-deployment/

[51] https://www.jpost dot com/middle-east/article-832540 ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-8-2024

[52] https://x.com/Nuorgolan/standing/1899576444759552206

[53] https://www.ninanews dot com/Web site/Information/Particulars?key=1191421

[54] https://www.shafaq dot com/ar/%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent80percentD9percent85percentD8percentB9/161-%D8percentB9percentD8percentA7-%D9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentBApercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D9percent85percentD8percentAEpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent87percentD9percent88percentD9percent84-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAApercentD8percentACpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent87-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82-%D8percentB5percentD9percent88percentD8percentB1 ; https://x.com/NPA_Arabic/standing/1899730523091521906 ; https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/ar/story/829339/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB3percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB9percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAF-160-%D8percentB9percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA6percentD9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD9percent86-%D9percent85percentD8percentAEpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent87percentD9percent88percentD9percent84-%D8percentB4percentD8percentB1percentD9percent82percentD9percent8A-%D8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD8percentB1percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7

[55] https://www.rudaw dot internet/english/middleeast/iraq/050320251

[56] https://www.rudaw dot internet/english/middleeast/iraq/150220252

[57] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1403/12/22/3274207

[58] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1403/12/22/3274027

[59] https://www.tgju dot org/profile/price_dollar_rl