Iran Update, February 26, 2025

Click on here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli floor operations, and here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of the continued opposition offensive in Syria. These maps are up to date every day alongside the static maps current on this report.

We don’t report intimately on conflict crimes as a result of these actions are well-covered in Western media and don’t instantly have an effect on the navy operations we’re assessing and forecasting. We totally condemn violations of the legal guidelines of armed battle and the Geneva Conventions and crimes towards humanity although we don’t describe them in these reviews.

Iran elevated its stockpile of 60 % enriched uranium by 92.5 kilograms (kg), or 2.2 important portions, in line with an unreleased Worldwide Atomic Vitality Company (IAEA) report.[1] A major amount is the “approximate quantity of nuclear materials for which the opportunity of manufacturing a nuclear explosive machine can’t be excluded.”[2] The Related Press reported on February 26 that Iran possesses 274.8 kilograms (kg) of uranium enriched as much as 60 %, or 6.6 important portions, as of February 8, citing an unreleased IAEA report. This quantity marks a 92.5 kg enhance in Iran’s stockpile of 60 % enriched uranium and a 2.2 enhance in important portions for the reason that IAEA printed its final report in November 2024.[3] The IAEA report acknowledged that Iran’s complete stockpile of enriched uranium is at 8,294.4 kgs, marking a 1,690 kg enhance since November 2024.[4] The IAEA report additionally famous that Iranian officers continued to forestall 4 extra skilled IAEA inspectors from monitoring the Iranian nuclear program.

The numerous enlargement in Iran’s enriched uranium stockpile coupled with Iran’s categorical rejection of nuclear negotiations with america makes it impossible that Iran will conclude a cope with the E3 and america forward of June 2025. The E3 reportedly gave Iran a June 2025 deadline to conclude a nuclear deal earlier than the E3 imposes snapback sanctions.[5] The JCPOA snapback mechanism permits JCPOA signatories to reimpose UN Safety Council sanctions on Iran within the occasion of “important non-performance by Iran of JCPOA commitments.”[6]

Iran is constant its preparations for a possible Israeli strike on Iranian nuclear amenities. Atomic Vitality Group of Iran Head Mohammad Eslami acknowledged that Iran will maintain nuclear protection workouts at nuclear amenities in Iran on February 26 and 27.[7] The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) Aerospace Power and the Artesh beforehand carried out air protection workouts round Iranian nuclear amenities in Fordow, Natanz, and Arak in January 2025.[8] Two unspecified senior Iranian officers just lately acknowledged that Iran is bolstering its air defenses forward of a possible Israeli strike on Iran.[9]

Senior Iranian navy commanders continued to threaten on February 26 that Iran may assault america and Israel in response to a possible Israeli assault on Iran. IRGC Commander Main Normal Hossein Salami acknowledged that america and Israel ought to “count on humiliation.”[10] Artesh Commander Main Normal Abdol Rahim Mousavi equally acknowledged that Iran will “assault [US and Israeli] safety with out hesitation” if america and Israel assault Iran.[11] These statements come after senior Iranian navy commanders have resurfaced threats to conduct direct assaults on US and Israeli pursuits within the area, more likely to deter a possible Israeli strike on Iran.[12] Iran nonetheless retains numerous short-range ballistic missiles that it may use to strike US bases within the Center East if it chooses to take action. IRGC Aerospace Power Commander Brigadier Normal Amir Ali Hajji Zadeh just lately warned that Iran may assault US bases with short-range missiles in response to an Israeli assault.[13]

Key Takeaways:

• Iranian Nuclear Program: Iran elevated its stockpile of 60 % enriched uranium by 92.5 kilograms (kg), or 2.2 important portions, in line with an unreleased Worldwide Atomic Vitality Company (IAEA) report. A major amount is the “approximate quantity of nuclear materials for which the opportunity of manufacturing a nuclear explosive machine can’t be excluded.
• Nuclear Negotiations: The numerous enlargement in Iran’s enriched uranium stockpile coupled with Iran’s categorical rejection of nuclear negotiations with america makes it impossible that Iran will conclude a cope with the E3 and america forward of June 2025. The E3 reportedly gave Iran a June 2025 deadline to conclude a nuclear deal earlier than the E3 imposes snapback sanctions.
• Iranian Preparations for Israeli Strike: Iran is constant its preparations for a possible Israeli strike on Iranian nuclear amenities. Atomic Vitality Group of Iran Head Mohammad Eslami acknowledged that Iran will maintain nuclear protection workouts at nuclear amenities in Iran on February 26 and 27.
• Iranian Threats Towards United States and Israel: Senior Iranian navy commanders continued to threaten on February 26 that Iran may assault america and Israel in response to a possible Israeli assault on Iran.

Syria

Turkey struck a number of SDF positions in Deir ez Zor Province, deep in SDF-held territory, on February 26.[14] The SDF mentioned that a number of Turkish airstrikes struck an SDF place and civilian infrastructure in Ruwayshid, Deir ez Zor Province, and killed 4 SDF members and eight civilians.[15] Syrian media reported that the SDF targets included an SDF navy academy, intelligence headquarters, and a navy checkpoint.[16] That is the primary Turkish strike deep into Deir ez Zor Province through the present spherical of escalation between Turkey and the SDF. Turkey individually struck SDF positions close to al Jawf prepare station, north of Deir ez Zor.[17]

Turkey struck SDF positions close to Abu Rasin, north of Qamishli, on February 26.[18]

Turkey and the Turkish-backed Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA) continued to assault SDF positions close to the Tishreen Dam east of Aleppo on February 26. Turkish plane struck SDF positions close to the dam.[19] Anti-SDF media reported that the SNA engaged the SDF on Tal Syriatel, east of the dam.[20]

The SNA shelled SDF artillery positions within the Ain Issa and Tal Abyad areas, north of Raqqa on February 25.[21]

Israeli officers mentioned Israel will prohibit the interim Syrian authorities from establishing management over southern Syria. Israeli Protection Minister Israel Katz warned on February 25 that any try by the interim Syrian authorities or “terrorist organizations” to ascertain themselves in southern Syria can be attacked.[22] Katz added that Israel is not going to enable southern Syria for use as a entrance to threaten Israel.[23] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu demanded on February 23 that Syria totally demilitarize southern Syria.[24]

The IDF Air Power launched a sequence of airstrikes on February 25 towards varied navy targets in southern Syria.[25] The IDF struck the previous Syrian Arab Military (SAA) 1st Division base in al Kiswah, Rif Dimashq, and destroyed navy tools.[26] Al Kiswah is roughly 16km south of Umayyad Sq. in central Damascus Metropolis. Southern Syria-based information retailers reported that a number of people had been wounded within the strike.[27] A Daraa-based outlet reported that the IDF additionally struck the previous SAA twelfth Brigade, fifth Division base in Izraa, Daraa Province.[28] Syrian media reported that the IDF struck an unspecified goal in Tal al Hara, Daraa Province.[29]

Syrian media claimed that Israeli forces superior into Ain al Bayda, Quneitra Province, and raided al Bakkar, Daraa Province.[30]

Protesters demonstrated towards Israeli operations in southern Syria since CTP-ISW’s final information cut-off on February 25. Comparatively small-scale protests befell in Quneitra, Daraa, and Damascus provinces in response to latest Israeli strikes in southern Syria.[31] Huge-spread protests befell on February 25 in response to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s latest demand to demilitarize southern Syria.[32] Shara lacks the capability to significantly counter Israeli operations militarily and dangers destabilizing the federal government transition even when he may reply militarily to Israeli operations.

 A delegation of Druze leaders met with Syrian Interim President Ahmad al Sharaa in Damascus on February 24 to debate cooperation between native Druze factions in Suwayda with Syrian authorities forces.[33] The delegation included Ahrar al Arab Gathering chief Sheikh Suleiman, former Males of Dignity member Sheikh Laith al Balous, and different outstanding Druze militia management.[34] The Druze leaders expressed their curiosity in cooperating with the interim Syrian authorities and coordinating safety efforts.[35] The delegation mentioned establishing a navy division in southern Suwayda composed of native Druze fighters. A Syrian military division comprised of native fighters would very doubtless report back to native management as a substitute of a proper chain of command.

The Druze delegation additionally very doubtless mentioned the latest formation of the Suwayda Army Council.[36] A bunch of Druze fighters in Suwayda who had been beforehand aligned with the Assad regime established the Suwayda Army Council on February 23.[37] The council now seeks to prepare native armed factions beneath a single command.  Suwayda Nationwide Council Commander Tareq al-Shoufi mentioned that the council seeks to combine into the “nationwide military of the brand new Syrian state.”[38] The council has prioritized interdicting weapons and drug smuggling within the province.[39] A key chief within the Syrian Druze neighborhood, Sheikh Hikmat al Hijri, rejected the formation of the council and known as its members “separatists” who don’t symbolize the Druze neighborhood.[40]

Iraq

Axis of Resistance aims:

• Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance affect over the Iraqi state and society
• Harden the Iraqi authorities towards inner dissent

Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammad Shia al Sudani held a telephone name with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio on February 25.[41] The US State Division reported that Sudani and Rubio mentioned Iran’s adverse affect within the Center East in addition to the necessity for Iraq to grow to be vitality impartial and resume oil exports to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Kurdistan Regional Authorities (KRG) halted oil exports to the port of Ceyhan in March 2023 however the Iraqi federal authorities and KRG just lately reached an settlement on February 24 for the KRG to renew oil exports.[42] A member of the Fatah Alliance, which is led by Iranian-backed Badr Group Secretary Normal Hadi al Ameri, acknowledged on February 26 that the Shia Coordination Framework will doubtless maintain an “emergency assembly” within the coming days to debate the telephone name between Sudani and Rubio.[43] The Shia Coordination Framework is a unfastened coalition of Shia political events, a few of which Iran backs. The telephone name follows reviews that america reportedly threatened to sanction the Iraqi federal authorities if it prevented the KRG from resuming oil exports.[44] The telephone name additionally comes amid reviews that america might sanction Iranian-aligned actors in Iraq.[45]

The political wings of some Iranian-backed Iraqi militias are planning a brand new political alliance forward of the October 2025 parliamentary elections.[46] Iraqi media reported that the militias’ political wings are contemplating “becoming a member of alliances” and forming a political bloc “impressed by the Iraqi resistance,” which may consult with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq. The Islamic Resistance in Iraq is a coalition of Iranian-backed Iraqi militias that continuously focused Israel and US forces in Iraq and Syria through the October 7 Conflict.[47] A political bloc primarily based on the Islamic Resistance in Iraq would come with the political wings of Iranian-backed Iraqi militias, comparable to Kataib Hezbollah, that comprise the Islamic Resistance in Iraq. Such a political bloc would doubtless not be utterly unified, provided that the militias that comprise the Islamic Resistance in Iraq disagreed with each other on a number of events through the October 7 Conflict.[48] A well-organized political alliance may enhance the militias’ illustration in parliament and due to this fact enhance Iran’s affect within the Iraqi political sphere, nonetheless.

Kurdistan Democratic Social gathering (KDP) chief Masoud Barzani met with members of a Turkish Kurdish political occasion in Salah al Din, Iraq, on February 26.[49] Barzani met with a delegation from the Free Trigger (Huda) Social gathering, which is aligned with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.[50] Barzani and Huda Social gathering chief Zekeriya Yapicioglu mentioned the “ongoing peace course of” in Turkey, doubtless referring to negotiations between the Turkish authorities and Kurdistan Staff’ Social gathering (PKK) Chief Abdullah Ocalan.[51] Ocalan is anticipated to name on the PKK to “lay down arms” this week, in line with two unspecified Turkish officers.[52] An unspecified Turkish supply advised regional media on February 26 that the Turkish authorities expects that almost all PKK members would adjust to Ocalan’s name to disarm however acknowledges that some PKK factions might reject his name. Turkish officers have beforehand signaled that they imagine {that a} name from Ocalan for the PKK to disarm would stress the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to disarm and combine into the HTS-led Syrian interim authorities.[53]

Arabian Peninsula

Axis of Resistance aims:

• Harden the Houthi regime towards inner dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
• Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition in an effort to management all of Yemen
• Erode Israeli will to proceed the conflict within the Gaza Strip

Nothing important to report.

The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon

Axis of Resistance aims:

• Erode the desire of the Israeli political institution and public to maintain clearing operations within the Gaza Strip
• Reestablish Hamas because the governing authority within the Gaza Strip             
• Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
• Set up the West Financial institution as a viable entrance towards Israel

Nothing important to report.

Iranian Choice-Making, Inner Dynamics, and Overseas Coverage

The US sanctioned six Hong Kong and China-based entities that offer the Iranian drone and ballistic missile program. These sanctions are a part of the US ”most stress” coverage.[54] Iranian provide agency Pishtazan Kavosh Gostar Boshra (PKGB) and its subsidiary Narin Sepehr Mobin Isatis (NSMI) have used the next six entrance firms to acquire the next gadgets after america sanctioned a Hong Kong-based PKGB community final 12 months:[55]

• Dingtai Industrial Know-how Co Restricted provides US-made gadgets that can be utilized in drones for PKGB. These things embrace valve assemblies, radio frequency connectors, and engines for PKGB.
• Yonghongan Commerce Restricted provides Western-made plane and drone elements, together with vane generators, vane compressors, blade generators, and blade compressors for PKGB.
• Hong Kong Tianle Worldwide Co Restricted provides US-made digital elements for IRGC engineering firm Rastafann and provides micro-servers and facilitates value quotes for PKGB.
• DDC Growth Business Hong Kong Restricted provides unspecified engines for NSMI.
• Shenzhen Zhiyu Worldwide Commerce Co. Ltd provides unspecified manufacturing and testing tools for NSMI.
• JP Oriental Worldwide Holdings Restricted is concerned in unspecified shipments for NSMI.

Iranian Overseas Affairs Minister Abbas Araghchi and Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf mentioned regional developments with Hezbollah Secretary Normal Naim Qassem in Beirut on February 23.[56] Iranian Supreme Chief consultant Mohammad Hassan Akhtari individually emphasised Iran’s help for Lebanon and Hezbollah throughout a gathering with Deputy Head of the Supreme Islamic Shia Council Sheikh Ali al Khatib in Hazmieh, Lebanon, on February 26.[57]

The Iranian rial depreciated from 918,300 rials to at least one US greenback on February 25 to 926,900 rials to at least one US greenback on February 26.[58]

The Iran Replace supplies insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions overseas that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions and developments that have an effect on the steadiness and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Vital Threats Mission (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Examine of Conflict (ISW) supplies these updates commonly primarily based on regional occasions.

CTP-ISW defines the “Axis of Resistance” because the unconventional alliance that Iran has cultivated within the Center East for the reason that Islamic Republic got here to energy in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state, semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to safe their collective pursuits. Tehran considers itself to be each a part of the alliance and its chief. Iran furnishes these teams with various ranges of economic, navy, and political help in alternate for a point of affect or management over their actions. Some are conventional proxies which might be extremely aware of Iranian path, whereas others are companions over which Iran exerts extra restricted affect. Members of the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic aims, which embrace eroding and ultimately expelling American affect from the Center East, destroying the Israeli state, or each. Pursuing these aims and supporting the Axis of Resistance to these ends have grow to be cornerstones of Iranian regional technique.

[1] https://apnews.com/article/iran-nuclear-iaea-weapons-grade-uranium-trump-0b11a99a7364f9a43e1c83b220114d45

[2] https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/element/analysis-of-iaea-iran-verification-and-monitoring-report-august-2024

[3] https://www.iaea.org/websites/default/information/24/11/gov2024-61.pdf pp.9. ; https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/element/entering-uncharted-waters-irans-60-percent-highly-enriched-uranium#:~:textual content=Accordingpercent20topercent20thepercent20Internationalpercent20Atomic,nuclearpercent20explosivepercent20cannotpercent20bepercent20excluded.%E2percent80percent9D

[4] https://apnews.com/article/iran-nuclear-iaea-weapons-grade-uranium-trump-0b11a99a7364f9a43e1c83b220114d45

[5] https://jewishinsider dot com/2025/02/uk-ambassador-israel-simon-walters-inss-iran-nuclear-talks-sanctions/

[6] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/122460/full-text-of-the-iran-nuclear-deal.pdf

[7] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1403/12/08/3265577

[8] https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-january-12-2025

[9] https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/02/25/iran-missile-defences-high-alert-attack-fears-us-israel/?ICID=continue_without_subscribing_reg_first

[10] https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/729536/

[11] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1403/12/08/3265464

[12] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-20-2025 ; https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-february-25-2025#_edn60002be3ee29c88eb9b71bfe3932a8a87

[13] https://www.entekhab dot ir/fa/information/851548/

[14] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/standing/1894801976644509950

[15] https://x.com/SDF_Syria/standing/1894801976644509950

[16] https://x.com/EuphratesPost/standing/1894785758520607218 ; https://x.com/nahermedia/standing/1894757493831512384

[17] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1894776911429063089 ; https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/136730

[18] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/136730

[19] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1894714048412803326

[20] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/136727

[21] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/136702

[22] https://x.com/JoeTruzman/standing/1894501468683866520

[23] https://x.com/JoeTruzman/standing/1894501468683866520

[24] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-wont-allow-hts-forces-southern-syria-netanyahu-says-2025-02-23/

[25] https://x.com/JoeTruzman/standing/1894501468683866520 ; https://x.com/idfonline/standing/1894506300689535329

[26] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1894494799299829863 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1894503712506187780 ; https://t.me/damascusv011/29119

[27] https://t.me/damascusv011/29119

[28] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1894651806166237305 ; https://x.com/EuphratesPost/standing/1894500667290485057 ;

[29] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1894510861051428958

[30] https://t.me/damascusv011/29114 ; https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/136708 ;

[31] https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/136713 ; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1894668302397456693 ; https://x.com/Nuorgolan/standing/1894679303385645411 ; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1894697249973616953 ; https://x.com/NPA_Arabic/standing/1894704952506765322

[32] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-25-2025

[33] https://x.com/suwayda24/standing/1894139731728109813 ; https://x.com/diaa_audi/standing/1894710234465116517

[34] https://x.com/diaa_audi/standing/1894710234465116517 ; https://x.com/suwayda24/standing/1894139731728109813

[35] https://x.com/diaa_audi/standing/1894710234465116517

[36] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1893704565544903043 ; https://www.syriahr dot com/%D9percent84percentD9percent85percentD9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD8percentACpercentD9percent87percentD8percentA9-%D8percentA3percentD9percent8A-%D8percentAApercentD9percent87percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentA3percentD9percent85percentD9percent86percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD8percentADpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent85percentD9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD9percent88/750740/?__cf_chl_tk=c0XJWtpsi58q9GFD1RjDcC9mJobPWStihUS.HdwX.xk-1740435176-1.0.1.1-gyjjiYiXRHDMCeseys3M2WTogzcKVkiqGe3nlAjjiNs

[37] https://www.israelhayom dot com/2025/02/24/tensions-rise-in-syria-as-druze-establish-militia-separate-from-al-julani-regime/

[38] https://elmanshar dot com/2025/02/24/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB3percentD9percent83percentD8percentB1percentD9percent8A-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA1-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB9percentD9percent84percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentB7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7/

[39] https://www.israelhayom dot com/2025/02/24/tensions-rise-in-syria-as-druze-establish-militia-separate-from-al-julani-regime/ ; https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/02/suwayda-military-council-a-new-druze-coalition-emerges-in-syria.php

[40] https://elmanshar dot com/2025/02/24/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB3percentD9percent83percentD8percentB1percentD9percent8A-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA1-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB9percentD9percent84percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentB7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7/

[41] https://www.state.gov/secretary-rubios-call-with-iraqi-prime-minister-sudani/

[42] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-iraq-turkey-oil-pipeline-dispute-whos-hook-2023-03-31/ ;

https://www.hurriyetdailynews dot com/iraq-finalizes-procedures-to-resume-oil-export-via-turkiyes-ceyhan-206141 ;

https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/en/story/826331/erbil-baghdad-reach-agreement-to-resume-kurdistans-oil-exports

[43] https://www.shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB7percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D9percent8ApercentD9percent84percentD8percentAA-%D9percent85-%D8percentA8-%D8percentACpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9-%D8percentB7percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D9percent84percentD9percent85percentD9percent86percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD8percentB4percentD8percentA9-%D9percent83percentD9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB5percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84-%D8percentB1percentD9percent88percentD8percentA8percentD9percent8ApercentD9percent88-%D9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent88percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A

[44] https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/us-piles-pressure-iraq-resume-kurdish-oil-exports-sources-say-2025-02-21/

[45] https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentB1percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentB0percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1-%D9percent85percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD8percentBApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAF-10-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAF-%D9percent88percentD8percentB4percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentB6percentD9percent85percentD9percent86-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent8A-%D9percent85percentD8percentA9-%D8percentB9percentD9percent82percentD9percent88percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA

[46] https://almadapaper dot internet/397373/

[47] https://www.fdd.org/evaluation/op_eds/2024/06/04/the-islamic-resistance-in-iraq-increases-its-drone-attacks-on-israel/ ;

https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/islamic-resistance-in-iraq-israel-hamas/

[48] https://www.thenationalnews dot com/information/mena/2024/04/23/iraq-us-militias-truce-attacks/

[49] https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/ar/story/826881/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA6percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB3-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD8percentB2percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB3percentD8percentAApercentD9percent82percentD8percentA8percentD9percent84-%D9percent88percentD9percent81percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7-%D9percent85percentD9percent86-%D8percentADpercentD8percentB2percentD8percentA8-%D9percent87percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent89-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8A

[50] https://www.middleeasteye dot internet/information/huda-par-erdogan-kurdish-allies-hezbollah-accused-being; https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/ar/story/826881/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA6percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB3-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD8percentB2percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB3percentD8percentAApercentD9percent82percentD8percentA8percentD9percent84-%D9percent88percentD9percent81percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7-%D9percent85percentD9percent86-%D8percentADpercentD8percentB2percentD8percentA8-%D9percent87percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent89-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8A

[51] https://www.kurdistan24 dot internet/ar/story/826881/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA6percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB3-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD8percentB2percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB3percentD8percentAApercentD9percent82percentD8percentA8percentD9percent84-%D9percent88percentD9percent81percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7-%D9percent85percentD9percent86-%D8percentADpercentD8percentB2percentD8percentA8-%D9percent87percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent89-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8A

[52] https://www.middleeasteye dot internet/information/ocalan-urge-pkk-disarm-week-sources

[53] https://www.middleeasteye dot internet/information/what-turkeys-vision-kurds-syria

[54] https://residence.treasury.gov/information/press-releases/sb0031

[55] https://residence.treasury.gov/information/press-releases/sb0031;

https://residence.treasury.gov/information/press-releases/jy2073

[56] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1403/12/08/3265730

[57] https://ar.abna24 dot com/information/1523051

[58] https://www.tgju dot org/profile/price_dollar_rl;

https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-25-2025