Iran Replace April 3, 2025
Ria Reddy, Katherine Wells, Kelly Campa, Johanna Moore, Carolyn Moorman, Alexandra Braverman, and Annika Ganzeveld
Data Cutoff 2:00pm ET
The Important Threats Venture (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Research of Battle (ISW) publish the Iran Replace, which supplies insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. CTP-ISW publishes the Iran Replace each weekday.
Click on here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of the continued opposition offensive in Syria, and here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli floor operations. The Syria map is up to date each day alongside the static Syria maps on this report. CTP-ISW ended each day maps of Israeli floor operations in February 2025.
We don’t report intimately on warfare crimes as a result of these actions are well-covered in Western media and don’t immediately have an effect on the army operations we’re assessing and forecasting. We completely condemn violations of the legal guidelines of armed battle and the Geneva Conventions and crimes in opposition to humanity despite the fact that we don’t describe them in these experiences.
Iran is constant to attempt to bolster its air defenses in preparation for a possible US or Israeli strike on Iran. Iran has constructed a brand new Ghadir phased-array radar in West Azerbaijan Province in northwestern Iran in latest months, in accordance with commercially out there satellite tv for pc imagery.[1] An open-source analyst reported on April 2 that Iran additionally lately constructed two Ghadir radars in southern Iran close to the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. The October 2024 Israel Protection Forces (IDF) strikes on Iran broken two Ghadir radars in southwestern Iran.[2] The operational standing of those radars is unclear. Iran has performed a number of air protection workouts in latest months, significantly round Iranian nuclear services.[3] The development of latest radars and up to date workouts replicate Iran’s efforts to strengthen its air protection capabilities amid the Iranian regime’s issues a couple of potential standard battle with america or Israel.
Russia stays an unviable mediator between america and Iran given Russian help for the Iranian nuclear program and Axis of Resistance exercise within the Center East. Russian Deputy International Minister Sergei Ryabkov said on April 1 that Russia is prepared to mediate talks between Iran and america concerning the Iranian nuclear program.[4] Iranian Deputy International Affairs Minister for Political Affairs Majid Takht Ravanchi, who serves because the chief Iranian nuclear negotiator, met with Ryabkov in Moscow on April 2 to debate Iranian nuclear negotiations.[5] Ravanchi and Ryabkov emphasised the significance of “resolving misunderstandings concerning the peaceable nature of Iran’s nuclear actions.” A senior Russian official equally downplayed the specter of the Iranian nuclear program in early March 2025, claiming that Iran’s manufacturing of 60 p.c enriched uranium has “no weapons threat.”[6] Iran presently has sufficient 60 p.c enriched uranium, if enriched additional, to provide six nuclear weapons.[7] Senior Russian officers have additionally beforehand criticized the US “most stress” marketing campaign in opposition to Iran and referred to as US threats to strike Iranian nuclear services “unacceptable.”[8]
Russia has additionally supported the Axis of Resistance in opposition to Israel and america. Russia has supplied the Houthis with concentrating on information to help Houthi assaults on business transport and US vessels within the Pink Sea, in accordance with Western media.[9] The Telegraph reported on April 3 that there’s presently a Russian army knowledgeable in Yemen who’s advising the Houthis on the right way to conduct assaults.”[10] Russian help for the Iranian nuclear program and Axis of Resistance actions within the area make it extraordinarily unlikely that Russia would be capable of assist america safe its pursuits within the Center East.
A senior Iranian army official informed The Telegraph on April 3 that Iran is “abandoning” the Houthis.[11] This assertion may be very seemingly a part of an Iranian data operation to attempt to obfuscate Iran’s main position within the Axis of Resistance and absolve Iran of duty for proxy assaults in opposition to america and Israel. The official informed The Telegraph that the Iranian regime has pivoted its focus to a possible US or Israeli strike on Iranian territory.[12] Iran is nearly definitely involved a couple of potential strike, however that concern has not precluded continued Iranian help for the Houthis. Iranian officers have continued to precise help for the Houthis in Persian- and Arabic-language media, together with in Houthi media, in latest days.[13] The official additionally claimed that the Iranian regime ordered Iranian army personnel to go away Yemen as a result of Iran is worried that the demise of an Iranian army official in a US airstrike in Yemen may result in a “direct confrontation” with america.[14] The deaths of Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Quds Power personnel in different Axis of Resistance theaters, akin to Iraq and Syria, has not beforehand brought on Iran to go away these theaters.[15] It’s due to this fact unlikely that Iran would depart Yemen and abandon its decades-old technique of increase proxies throughout the area to confront america and Israel out of concern {that a} US airstrike may kill Iranian personnel.
The official additionally claimed that Iran is abandoning the Houthis as a result of it believes that the Houthis are “dwelling their ultimate months.”[16] This assertion contradicts Iran’s strategy to different Iranian proxies which have been severely degraded since October 2023.[17] The IDF severely degraded Hamas within the Gaza Strip and Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, however Iran continues to help each teams.[18] Iran has tried in latest months to switch funds to Hezbollah to help Hezbollah’s reconstitution in Lebanon, for instance.[19] Iran can be trying to stoke sectarian tensions and rebuild Iranian networks in Syria after the autumn of the Assad regime in December 2024.[20] The Houthis’ skill to disrupt worldwide commerce and assault Israel makes them a strategic and helpful associate for Iran, which Iran is unlikely to desert.
US Central Command (CENTCOM) has performed at the very least 28 airstrikes concentrating on Houthi infrastructure and management in Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen since CTP-ISW’s final information cutoff on April 2.[21] CENTCOM performed an unspecified variety of airstrikes concentrating on Houthi websites close to Taiz Airport for the primary time because the begin of the US air marketing campaign on March 15.[22] CENTCOM additionally focused a Yemeni-Omani telecommunications website in Jablah District, Ibb Governorate, that reportedly contained Houthi radars and air protection techniques.[23] CENTCOM performed an airstrike concentrating on a car south of Sanaa. The strike reportedly killed the private assistant of Houthi Inside Minister Abdulkarim al Houthi, who’s Houthi Supreme Chief Abdulmalik al Houthi’s uncle.[24] CTP-ISW can not confirm this declare. CENTCOM additionally seemingly focused Houthi fighters in a separate airstrike concentrating on a car northwest of Saada.[25]
The IDF engaged armed Syrians throughout an Israeli incursion 13 kilometers into Syrian territory close to Nawa, Daraa Province, on April 2. Syrian media reported that an Israeli convoy of tanks and autos entered a forest close to al Jabaliya Dam, roughly 13 kilometers from the disengagement zone.[26] The IDF stated that a number of “terrorists” fired at IDF 210th Division forces whereas they have been confiscating weapons and destroying infrastructure within the space.[27] The IDF killed a number of of the gunmen from the bottom and air.[28] Syrian media reported that unspecified Syrian gunmen fired heavy machine weapons at Israeli plane and that Israeli forces shelled quite a few targets close to Tal al Jamou.[29] The Islamic Resistance Entrance in Syria, which is an anti-Israel militia, claimed that its fighters engaged the IDF with “applicable weapons” close to Nawa and Tasil.[30] The combating killed 9 Syrian males and reportedly injured over 20 others.[31] The Syrian Interim International Ministry accused Israel of intentionally trying to “destabilize Syria.”[32] This incident marks the second time that Syrians have attacked Israeli forces advancing into southern Syrian territory because the IDF killed at the very least 4 armed Syrians in Kuwaya, Daraa Province, on March 25.[33]
This incident could current anti-Israel and anti-interim authorities armed teams with a chance to achieve help and recruit new fighters. The chief of the outstanding Suwayda-based Druze militia Mudafa al Karama, Leith al Balous, praised the Syrians who “defended” southern Syria from Israel as martyrs who fought in opposition to Israel in a “battle of existence and dignity.”[34] Over a thousand Syrians participated in a funeral in Nawa on April 3 for the lads who died throughout the combating.[35] The Islamic Resistance Entrance in Syria, which claimed that its fighters engaged Israeli forces, amplified calls to attend the funeral.[36] The Islamic Resistance Entrance in Syria makes use of iconography extensively related to Iranian-backed actors and has referred to the present authorities as an “inner enemy,” suggesting that the group is against the present authorities and will maintain Assadist views.[37] The expansion of anti-Israel, anti-government exercise could present a chance for exterior actors, akin to Iranian-backed actors, to take advantage of anti-Israel grievances in southern Syria.
The IDF has continued to strike army property in Syria, together with a website the place Turkey reportedly seeks to ascertain an airbase. The IDF struck Hama Army Airport in Hama Province, Tiyas Airbase within the central Syrian desert, and the Syrian Scientific Research and Analysis Heart (SSRC) in Barzeh, Damascus, on April 2.[38] The Syrian interim authorities stated that the strikes injured a number of Syrians and “destroyed” Hama Army Airport.[39] A number of native Syrian sources reported that the strikes destroyed the airport’s plane, hangars, arms depots, and runway.[40] The brand new Syrian Air Power has used plane on the Hama Airport in latest days, in accordance with native media.[41] Native media reported that the strike on the airport killed a Syrian Jaysh al Izza soldier.[42] The brand new Syrian 74th Division, which is reportedly comprised of principally Jaysh al Izza troopers, is predicated in Hama Province.[43] Syrian media additionally reported that the IDF struck former Syrian Arab Military (SAA) positions close to Damascus on April 3.[44] Native sources reported that the IDF focused a former SAA air protection battalion.[45]
Israel beforehand attacked Hama Army Airport and former SAA positions close to Damascus in December 2024 to destroy tools and weapons left over from the Assad regime.[46] Israel lately struck Tiyas Airbase on March 21 and March 24.[47] Turkey reportedly seeks to ascertain an airbase at Tiyas as a part of a possible protection pact with the Syrian interim authorities.[48] Unspecified Israeli sources informed Israeli media on April 2 that the IDF performed the strikes to ship a message to Turkey that Israel is not going to enable Turkey to ascertain army bases in Syria.[49] Israeli Protection Minister Israel Katz referred to as the strikes “a warning for the long run.”[50]
Key Takeaways:
- Iranian Air Defenses: Iran is constant to attempt to bolster its air defenses in preparation for a possible US or Israeli strike on Iran. Iran has constructed a brand new Ghadir phased-array radar in West Azerbaijan Province in northwestern Iran in latest months, in accordance with commercially out there satellite tv for pc imagery. Iran has performed a number of air protection workouts in latest months, significantly round Iranian nuclear services. The development of latest radars and up to date workouts replicate Iran’s efforts to strengthen its air protection capabilities amid the Iranian regime’s issues a couple of potential standard battle with america or Israel.
- Russo-Iranian Cooperation: Russia stays an unviable mediator between america and Iran given Russian help for the Iranian nuclear program and Axis of Resistance exercise within the Center East. Russian Deputy International Minister Sergei Ryabkov said on April 1 that Russia is prepared to mediate talks between Iran and america concerning the Iranian nuclear program. Iranian Deputy International Affairs Minister for Political Affairs Majid Takht Ravanchi, who serves because the chief Iranian nuclear negotiator, met with Ryabkov in Moscow on April 2 to debate Iranian nuclear negotiations. Russian help for the Iranian nuclear program and Axis of Resistance actions within the area make it extraordinarily unlikely that Russia would be capable of assist america safe its pursuits within the Center East.
- Iranian Assist for the Houthis: A senior Iranian army official informed The Telegraph on April 3 that Iran is “abandoning” the Houthis. This assertion may be very seemingly a part of an Iranian data operation to attempt to obfuscate Iran’s main position within the Axis of Resistance and absolve Iran of duty for proxy assaults in opposition to america and Israel. The Houthis’ skill to disrupt worldwide commerce and assault Israel makes them a strategic and helpful associate for Iran, which Iran is unlikely to desert.
- Israeli Exercise in Syria: The IDF engaged armed Syrians throughout an Israeli incursion 13 kilometers into Syrian territory close to Nawa, Daraa Province, on April 2. This incident marks the second time that Syrians have attacked Israeli forces advancing into southern Syrian territory because the IDF killed at the very least 4 armed Syrians in Kuwaya, Daraa Province, on March 25. This incident could current anti-Israel and anti-interim authorities armed teams with a chance to achieve help and recruit new fighters.
- Israeli Exercise in Syria: The IDF has continued to strike army property in Syria, together with a website the place Turkey reportedly seeks to ascertain an airbase. The IDF struck Hama Army Airport in Hama Province, Tiyas Airbase within the central Syrian desert, and the Syrian Scientific Research and Analysis Heart (SSRC) in Barzeh, Damascus, on April 2. Unspecified Israeli sources informed Israeli media on April 2 that the IDF performed the strikes to ship a message to Turkey that Israel is not going to enable Turkey to ascertain army bases in Syria.
Syria
The poor habits of Syrian authorities forces at checkpoints in western Syria dangers additional weakening the connection between safety forces and native Alawite civilians, which is able to profit the insurgency. The Syrian interim authorities has established checkpoints throughout western Syria to enhance safety and restrict rebel freedom of motion. The fighters manning these checkpoints have killed civilians—each in extrajudicial killings and by chance—on a number of events, which dangers damaging the connection between safety forces and the native inhabitants and offering alternatives for insurgents to take advantage of. Safety forces close to Harf al Masaytarah, Latakia, killed two people after they didn’t cease at a checkpoint on March 27.[51] It’s unclear why the car didn’t cease or if the lads manning the checkpoint fired warning pictures. Individually, locals found the physique of an executed Alawite man close to a checkpoint on March 31.[52] These occasions present the insurgents a chance to current themselves as defenders of the native inhabitants by attacking the checkpoints and trying to drive authorities forces out of Alawite areas. Alawite insurgents have performed periodic assaults on authorities checkpoints since early March.[53] Insurgents can drive authorities items to take away outlying checkpoints by making them untenable to take care of.
A northern Syria-based supply reported that the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) maintains a presence on Tishreen Dam and west of the dam as of April 3.[54] The supply stated that neither Syrian interim authorities forces nor the Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA) have entered the dam.[55] The supply added that the SDF stays in Khirbet Tueni and Mahshiyat al Sheikh, west of the dam.[56] This report follows experiences from a number of Syrian sources on April 2 that the SDF withdrew from the Tishreen Dam and Qara Qozak Bridge as a part of “a preliminary settlement” with the interim authorities to create demilitarized zones.[57]
The Syrian interim authorities and the SDF exchanged over 200 prisoners in Aleppo Province on April 3.[58] Syrian media reported that the SDF handed over 97 prisoners to the interim authorities in trade for 110 SDF prisoners.[59] The SDF and interim authorities plan to trade a complete of 600 prisoners.[60] This prisoner trade is a part of the latest settlement that the SDF and the interim authorities signed on April 1. The settlement stipulates that the SDF and interim authorities will trade prisoners who have been detained after Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) forces took over Aleppo in November 2024.[61] The settlement additionally contains the deployment of Syrian Interim Inside Ministry forces to 2 Kurdish neighborhoods in Aleppo Metropolis.[62]
Iraq
Axis of Resistance goals:
- Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance affect over the Iraqi state and society
- Harden the Iraqi authorities in opposition to inner dissent
A “well-placed” Iraqi supply informed UK-based outlet Amwaj Media that former Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa al Kadhimi is attempting to kind a political social gathering to compete within the November 2025 Iraqi parliamentary elections.[63] Unspecified Iraqi officers reportedly invited Kadhimi to return to Iraq in late February 2025 to make use of his international connections, purportedly with america and Saudi Arabia, to help Iraq economically. His return to Iraq got here amid experiences that america was planning to sanction Iranian-backed Iraqi officers.[64] Kadhimi labored to curtail the affect of Iranian-backed Iraqi militias and had a optimistic, working relationship with america throughout his tenure.[65] Iranian-backed Iraqi militias Kataib Hezbollah and Asaib Ahl al Haq tried to assassinate Kadhimi in November 2021.[66]
The chief of Iranian-backed Iraqi militia Kataib Sayyid al Shuhada, Abu Alaa al Walai, stated on April 2 that Iranian-backed Iraqi militias will help Iran “in blood, sacrifice, and conscience every time essential.”[67] Walai is probably going mirroring Iranian efforts to discourage a possible US or Israeli strike on Iran by implying that Iranian-backed Iraqi militias would reply to such a strike.[68]
Arabian Peninsula
Axis of Resistance goals:
- Harden the Houthi regime in opposition to inner dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
- Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition with the intention to management all of Yemen
- Erode Israeli will to proceed the warfare within the Gaza Strip
The Houthis performed a mixed cruise missile and drone assault concentrating on the USS Harry S. Truman plane service and US destroyers within the Pink Sea on April 3.[69] CENTCOM didn’t verify the assault.
The Houthis individually claimed on April 3 that they shot down a US MQ-9 Reaper drone over Hudaydah Governorate.[70] The Houthis claimed that they’ve shot down 17 US drones because the begin of the October 7 Battle.
The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon
Axis of Resistance goals:
- Erode the desire of the Israeli political institution and public to maintain clearing operations within the Gaza Strip
- Reestablish Hamas because the governing authority within the Gaza Strip
- Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
- Set up the West Financial institution as a viable entrance in opposition to Israel
Lebanese airport authorities have taken new steps to forestall cash transfers to Hezbollah through Beirut Worldwide Airport. Lebanese airport authorities fired 30 Hezbollah-affiliated workers who reportedly served as Hezbollah’s “eyes and ears” within the airport, in accordance with an unspecified supply chatting with Saudi media on April 3.[71] Iran has sought to financially help the reconstitution of Hezbollah by tasking Iranian envoys and Turkish residents with transferring giant sums of money to Hezbollah through Beirut Worldwide Airport.[72]
CTP-ISW is not going to be overlaying the brand new Israeli operation within the Gaza Strip. We now have reprioritized our Center East protection to concentrate on Iran’s nuclear program, Iranian home safety, and Iranian efforts to rebuild its networks into the Levant, together with the Palestinian Territories. On condition that Israel and its companions have destroyed Hamas’ army group and severed the group’s skill to resupply itself, we at the moment are centered on how Iran seeks to rebuild its strains of communication with Hezbollah and Hamas by way of Syria.
Iranian Choice-Making, Inner Dynamics, and International Coverage
The Iranian rial depreciated from 1,029,000 rials to at least one US greenback on April 2 to 1,042,000 rials to at least one US greenback on April 3.[73]
Iranian media has continued to threaten nuclear weaponization, prone to attempt to dissuade a possible US or Israeli strike on Iranian nuclear services amid new US threats to strike these services. Hardline outlet Mashregh Information printed an article on April 2 titled “Will Iran Unveil an Atomic Bomb” that summarized latest threats from senior Iranian officers to pursue a nuclear weapon.[74] Mashregh Information is reportedly near Iranian safety and intelligence organizations.[75] Mashregh Information claimed that “many” individuals imagine it’s “more durable for Tehran to not construct a nuclear weapon than it’s [for Tehran] to construct one.” The article highlighted Iran’s rising stockpile of extremely enriched uranium and warned that the “regional scenario in latest months” may have an effect on Iranian coverage. This text comes after senior Iranian officers have repeatedly threatened to pursue a nuclear weapon and lobbied Iranian Supreme Chief Ali Khamenei to revoke his 2003 fatwa that bans the manufacturing and use of nuclear weapons.[76]
The Iran Replace supplies insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions overseas that undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions and developments that have an effect on the soundness and decision-making of the Iranian regime. The Important Threats Venture (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and the Institute for the Research of Battle (ISW) supplies these updates often primarily based on regional occasions.
CTP-ISW defines the “Axis of Resistance” because the unconventional alliance that Iran has cultivated within the Center East because the Islamic Republic got here to energy in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state, semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to safe their collective pursuits. Tehran considers itself to be each a part of the alliance and its chief. Iran furnishes these teams with various ranges of monetary, army, and political help in trade for a point of affect or management over their actions. Some are conventional proxies which are extremely aware of Iranian path, whereas others are companions over which Iran exerts extra restricted affect. Members of the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic goals, which embody eroding and ultimately expelling American affect from the Center East, destroying the Israeli state, or each. Pursuing these goals and supporting the Axis of Resistance to these ends have develop into cornerstones of Iranian regional technique.
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[50] https://www.jpost dot com/breaking-news/article-848630
[51] https://x.com/AlawiteMediaLab/standing/1905370250725466253 ; https://www.fb.com/alhadth.from.beityashout/posts/1100424778767379
[52] https://x.com/AlawiteMediaLab/standing/1907163146168717392 ; https://www.fb.com/qadmoos/posts/pfbid02qfRC3YmBDjhVz2YzbCcVsnXDpUMkPG1aZcLffQk4Zv5e4PB45kLDWsUi2NBz4Qenl
[53] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1907485171265262061 ; https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1906766235166994903 ; https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1905215331557126483 ; https://t.me/IqXXrE41gMT8bhiXSDJglU/50026
[54] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1907745909737218353
[55] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1907745909737218353
[56] https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1907745388074811856
[57] https://x.com/AbomosaabSharke/standing/1907472677264306471 ; https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/140068 ; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1907421378132738505 ; https://x.com/HalabTodayTV/standing/1907415829244715417 ; https://t.me/TelevisionSyria/54161; https://t.me/TelevisionSyria/54165; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1907487903376150982
[58] https://t.me/TelevisionSyria/54281
[59] https://t.me/HalabTodayTV/121454
[60] https://x.com/QalaatAlMudiq/standing/1907858907076440466 ; https://x.com/thiqanewsagency/standing/1907817014732702115
[61] https://t.me/syrianmoi/23714
[62] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-1-2025
[63] https://amwaj dot media/en/media-monitor/inside-story-kadhimi-eyes-political-party-amid-shifting-sands-in-iraq ; https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-25-2025
[64] https://apnews.com/article/iraq-kadhimi-returns-prime-minister-2233cc0627be48cd475e085639e0eb6b; https://shafaq dot com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentB1percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA9-%D8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentB0percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1-%D9percent85percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD8percentBApercentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAF-10-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA9-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD8percentB4percentD8percentAF-%D9percent88percentD8percentB4percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentB6percentD9percent85percentD9percent86-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent8A-%D9percent85percentD8percentA9-%D8percentB9percentD9percent82percentD9percent88percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA
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[66] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/irans-axis-resistance-review-october-21-november-7-2021
[67] https://x.com/aboalaa_alwalae/standing/1907540711123333483
[68] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-2-2025
[69]https://x.com/army21ye/standing/1907714141315375418
[70] https://x.com/army21ye/standing/1907689611242954763; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1907783790124061009
[71] https://aawsat dot com/العالم-العربي/المشرق-العربي/5128562-أمن-مطار-بيروت-يقلّص-نفوذ-حزب-الله-داخله
[72] https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-january-31-2025
[73] bon-bast.com
[74] https://www.mashreghnews dot ir/information/1702570/
[75] https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/05/iranian-medias-many-angles-on-death-of-osama-bin-laden.html
https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-russia-ties-never-better-maybe-not-forever
https://www.iranintl.com/en/202310018322
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