Alexandra
Braverman, Ben Rezaei, Andie Parry, Kelly Campa, Katherine Wells,
Carolyn Moorman, Siddhant Kishore, Johanna Moore, Avery Borens,
and
Annika Ganzeveld
Info Cutoff: 2:00pm ET
The
Crucial Threats Undertaking (CTP) on the American Enterprise Institute and
the Institute for the Examine of Conflict (ISW) publish the Iran Replace, which
offers insights into Iranian and Iranian-sponsored actions that
undermine regional stability and threaten US forces and pursuits.
CTP-ISW publishes the Iran Replace each weekday.
Click on here to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of the continuing opposition offensive in Syria, and here
to see CTP and ISW’s interactive map of Israeli floor operations. The
Syria map is up to date each day alongside the static Syria maps on this
report. CTP-ISW ended each day maps of Israeli floor operations in
February 2025.
We don’t report intimately on warfare crimes
as a result of these actions are well-covered in Western media and don’t
immediately have an effect on the navy operations we’re assessing and
forecasting. We totally condemn violations of the legal guidelines of armed battle
and the Geneva Conventions and crimes in opposition to humanity although we
don’t describe them in these studies.
Iran and the
United States held nuclear talks in Muscat, Oman, on April 12.[1] The
Iranian delegation, which was led by Overseas Affairs Minister Abbas
Araghchi, offered Iran’s calls for and purple traces to the US delegation,
which was led by US Particular Envoy to the Center East Steve Witkoff.
The Iranian calls for embrace sanctions reduction ensures, entry to
billions of {dollars} of frozen Iranian property, and an finish to the US
most strain marketing campaign focusing on Iranian oil exports to China,
based on Iranian and Arab officers.[2] It could be very tough
for the US to ensure everlasting sanctions reduction, given
that such a requirement must span a number of US presidential
administrations. The difficulty of guaranteeing sanctions reduction was a degree
of rivalry between Iran and the US below the Biden
administration.[3] Araghchi emphasised that Iran won’t comply with
utterly dismantle its nuclear program.[4] Unspecified Iranian
officers instructed the Wall Avenue Journal on April 12 that Iran
can be keen to cut back its uranium enrichment to 2015 Joint
Complete Plan of Motion (JCPOA) ranges, nevertheless.[5] The JCPOA
restricted Iranian uranium enrichment to 300 kilograms of uranium
hexafluoride enriched as much as 3.67 % for fifteen years.[6]
It
is unclear if Iran would comply with dismantle its superior centrifuges in
addition to lowering its present stockpile of enriched uranium. Iran has
put in superior centrifuges at its foremost nuclear services—Natanz
and Fordow—lately. These superior centrifuges have elevated
the speed at which Iran can enrich uranium. Iran presently has 274.8
kilograms of 60 % enriched uranium, which is sufficient uranium, if
enriched additional, to provide round six nuclear weapons.[7]
It’s
unclear whether or not Iran seeks to return to the JCPOA in its present format.
The JCPOA incorporates varied restrictions on the Iranian nuclear program
that may expire in 2030. These restrictions are known as “sundown
provisions.” It’s unclear, if Iran had been to comply with return to the
JCPOA, whether or not the sundown provisions would renew for a further 15
years. It is usually unclear whether or not Iran would comply with a brand new nuclear deal
that included everlasting restrictions on the Iranian nuclear program. US
President Donald Trump repeatedly criticized the existence of sundown
provisions within the JCPOA previous to withdrawing from the settlement in
2018.[8]
Iran may rebuild its nuclear program at a
sooner tempo after the expiration of sundown provisions, or if a brand new
settlement collapses, offered that Iran maintains its present superior
centrifuge expertise. Iran has elevated its variety of
operational centrifuges because it signed the JCPOA in 2015.[9] Iran is
additionally growing new superior centrifuges, such because the IR-8, which
Iranian officers have claimed is “sixteen occasions” extra succesful than the
IR-1 centrifuge.[10] Even when Iran had been to comply with downblend its
stockpile of enriched uranium, Iran would possible have the ability to re-enrich
this stockpile at a comparatively quick tempo, in comparison with earlier than 2015, if it
maintains its present superior centrifuges.
Be aware: This record isn’t exhaustive and solely consists of the principle Iranian violations of the JCPOA.[11]
The USA offered its calls for and purple traces forward of the nuclear talks on April 12. Witkoff instructed the Wall Avenue Journal on
April 11 that the US’ “opening demand” can be the
dismantlement of the Iranian nuclear program however acknowledged that the
United States is open to “discover[ing] compromise” with Iran.[12] Witkoff
burdened that the US’ “purple line” is stopping Iranian
weaponization. Trump equally acknowledged on April 14 that Iran should abandon
the “idea of a nuclear weapon.”[13]
Iranian and US
officers offered the April 12 talks as “optimistic” and “constructive.”
Important obstacles and challenges stay earlier than a deal might be
reached, nevertheless.[14] Araghchi acknowledged on April 12 that the
United States and Iran expressed their intention to succeed in an settlement
in “the shortest potential time,” however acknowledged that reaching a deal
will “not be a straightforward activity.”[15] The White Home launched a press release on
April 12 that referred to as the talks “optimistic and constructive,” whereas
acknowledging that fixing the Iranian nuclear concern is “very
difficult.”[16] Iran and the US agreed to carry a second
spherical of nuclear talks in Muscat, Oman, on April 19.[17]
Iran is rising its diplomatic exercise with third events forward of the April 19 nuclear talks.
Iranian Deputy Overseas Affairs Minister for Authorized and Worldwide
Affairs Kazem Gharibabadi introduced on April 14 that Worldwide
Atomic Power Company (IAEA) Director Common Rafael Grossi will go to
Tehran on April 16.[18] Gharibabadi traveled to Moscow on April 14 and
met with Russian Undersecretary of Overseas Affairs Sergei Vershinin.[19]
Iranian Overseas Affairs Minister Abbas Araghchi may even journey to
Moscow within the coming days.[20] Iran has constantly engaged with Russia
on the nuclear concern in latest weeks.
Iranian Supreme
Chief Ali Khamenei referred to as on the Iranian armed forces to take care of
most “{hardware} and software program readiness” throughout a gathering with senior
navy officers and commanders on April 13.[21] Khamenei
described the Iranian armed forces as Iran’s “defend” and praised the
numerous and unified command construction of the Iranian armed forces.
Khamenei criticized the West’s double requirements, claiming that Western
nations possess “essentially the most catastrophic weapons” however attempt to stop
Iranian “protection development.” Armed Forces Common Workers Chief Main Common
Mohammad Bagheri offered a report throughout the assembly about regional
developments and Iran‘s response to the October 7 Conflict. Bagheri
highlighted Iranian deterrence efforts, weapons growth, and joint
workouts.
Senior Iranian officers proceed to be involved a few potential US or Israeli strike on Iran.
Khatam ol Anbia Air Protection Headquarters Commander Brigadier Common
Alireza Sabahi Fard visited the Shahid Bordbar Air Protection Group in
Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, on April 12 to evaluate the
unit’s fight functionality and protection readiness.[22] Sabahi Fard
emphasised that increasing missile and protection techniques is crucial for
defending Iranian airspace in opposition to potential threats. The go to is an element
of a collection of inspections that Sabahi Fard has carried out to Iranian
air protection websites in latest days. Sabahi Fard visited air protection zones
in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, on April 4 and Bushehr Province on
April 6.[23]
The US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)
and the Syrian transitional authorities carried out a deconfliction
settlement across the Tishreen Dam on April 14.[24] SDF
Commander Mazloum Abdi mentioned that the SDF withdrew to the jap facet of
the Euphrates River, eight kilometers from the dam, on April 12.[25]
Transitional authorities forces will set up a barrier between the
Turkish-backed Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA) and the SDF, which have been
preventing within the space since December 2024.[26] The SNA is nominally
built-in below the Syrian Protection Ministry’s command, however the teams
that comprise the SNA nonetheless obtain salaries from Turkey.[27] The
switch of management of the dam comes after the profitable integration of
two traditionally Kurdish areas of Aleppo Metropolis into the transitional
authorities’s space of management.[28] The deployment of presidency forces to
the Tishreen Dam reduces the danger of an SNA or Turkish navy
operation in opposition to the SDF and promotes the transitional authorities’s
ceasefire with the SDF.
Basic
disagreements over federalism and navy integration stay between
the SDF and the Syrian transitional authorities, regardless of progress on
different fronts.[29] Abdi and Syrian President Ahmed al Shara
agreed on an integration framework on March 10 and have since taken
a number of concrete steps towards peace and integration.[30] The SDF has
ceded management of disputed territory in Aleppo Metropolis and jap Aleppo
Province to the transitional authorities since April 1.[31] The SDF has
additionally granted the transitional authorities management over its hydrocarbon
sources to “meet its oil and fuel wants.”[32] Abdi hinted on April 14
at future areas of progress between Damascus and the SDF, together with
transferring management of Arab-majority Deir ez Zor and Raqqa provinces to
the transitional authorities after SDF establishments are built-in into
the federal government.[33] Abdi additionally outlined two long-held “purple traces” that
Shara is unlikely to comply with: federalism and the combination of the SDF
into the brand new Syrian military as a navy bloc.[34] Abdi famous that he
can not settle for administrative energy “concentrated solely in Damascus” and
that the SDF should “protect their distinct id inside the ranks of
the brand new Syrian nationwide military.”[35] Neither of those calls for are new or
stunning, and neither concern was addressed within the March 10 integration
framework. Kurdish teams have beforehand expressed severe concern
about Shara’s consolidation of energy although the draft Syrian
structure.[36]
Key Takeaways:
- April 12 Nuclear Talks Between Iran and the US: Iran
and the US held nuclear talks in Muscat, Oman, on April 12.
The Iranian delegation, which was led by Overseas Affairs Minister Abbas
Araghchi, offered Iran’s calls for and purple traces to the US delegation,
which was led by US Particular Envoy to the Center East Steve Witkoff. The
Iranian calls for embrace sanctions reduction ensures, entry to billions
of {dollars} of frozen Iranian property, and an finish to the US most
strain marketing campaign focusing on Iranian oil exports to China. Araghchi
emphasised that Iran won’t comply with utterly dismantle its nuclear
program. Unspecified Iranian officers instructed the Wall Avenue Journal
on April 12 that Iran can be keen to cut back its uranium enrichment
to 2015 Joint Complete Plan of Motion (JCPOA) ranges, nevertheless. - Iranian Air Protection Readiness: Khatam
ol Anbia Air Protection Headquarters Commander Brigadier Common Alireza
Sabahi Fard visited the Shahid Bordbar Air Protection Group in Chabahar,
Sistan and Baluchistan Province, on April 12 to evaluate the unit’s fight
functionality and protection readiness. Sabahi Fard visited air protection zones
in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, on April 4 and Bushehr Province on
April 6. - SDF Withdrawal from Tishreen Dam: The
US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the Syrian transitional
authorities carried out a deconfliction settlement across the Tishreen Dam
on April 14. SDF Commander Mazloum Abdi mentioned that the SDF withdrew to
the jap facet of the Euphrates River, eight kilometers from the dam,
on April 12. Transitional authorities forces will set up a barrier
between the Turkish-backed Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA) and the SDF, which
have been preventing within the space since December 2024. - SDF Integration into the Syrian Transitional Authorities: Basic
disagreements over federalism and navy integration stay between
the SDF and the Syrian transitional authorities, regardless of progress on
different fronts. SDF Commander Mazloum Abdi outlined two long-held “purple
traces” that Syrian President Ahmed al Shara is unlikely to comply with:
federalism and the combination of the SDF into the brand new Syrian military as a
navy bloc. Abdi famous that he can not settle for administrative energy
“concentrated solely in Damascus” and that the SDF should “protect their
distinct id inside the ranks of the brand new Syrian nationwide military.”
Syria
Syrian
media reported that the Syrian Protection Ministry (MoD) appointed the
commander of the Turkish-backed Sultan Murad Division as deputy protection
minister and commander of the “northern area” within the new Syrian military.[37] Fahim
Issa beforehand commanded the Sultan Murad Division, which is a faction
within the Turkish-backed Syrian Nationwide Military (SNA).[38] Issa additionally
beforehand commanded the SNA’s Second Corps and Thairoun Liberation
Entrance.[39] Syrian media reported that Issa has shut ties to Suleiman
Shah Brigade Commander Abu Amsha and Hamza Division Commander Sayf Abu
Bakr.[40] Abu Amsha and Abu Bakr each lead divisions within the new Syrian
military.[41] The Sultan Murad Division has dedicated human rights abuses
in opposition to Kurds in Aleppo alongside the Hamza Division.[42] Issa is a
Turkish nationalist and is reportedly a member of the Gray Wolves.[43]
Syrian
media reported on April 14 that the Syrian MoD set troopers’ salaries
to $200 for married personnel and $150 for single personnel, citing a
authorities supply.[44] Syrian media individually reported that
some MoD workers and troopers have acquired their salaries.[45] It’s
unclear whether or not these salaries are month-to-month or yearly. The Assad regime
beforehand paid Syrian Arab Military (SAA) conscripts between $15 and $17
per 30 days in 2024.[46] Unspecified sources instructed Syrian media that the
salaries usually are not but finalized because the MoD nonetheless must undertake a wage
scale that considers rank and different unspecified classes.[47]
The Syrian MoD has begun to coach newly shaped military divisions. A
Syrian journalist reported on April 11 that the brand new 76th Division
carried out workouts that targeted on artillery, missiles, sniping, and
floor and air protection.[48] Pictures posted on social media confirmed at
least 100 males taking part within the workouts.[49] Sayf Abu Bakr leads
the 76th Division, which operates in Aleppo Province.[50] Abu Bakr
beforehand commanded the Hamza Division and is sanctioned by the United
States.[51]
Unspecified people denotated an
improvised explosive system (IED) focusing on the top of the Common
Safety Providers for jap Daraa Province in Khirbet Ghazaleh, Daraa
Province, on April 14.ix The official, Mohammad al
Sakhni, is a former HTS commander who now oversees GSS forces in jap
Daraa Province.[52] Sakhni was not injured within the assault.[53] No group
has claimed accountability for the assault on the time of this writing.
Anti-government
Salafi-jihadi militia Saraya Ansar al Sunnah urged its followers on
April 13 to conduct a lone wolf assassination focusing on an alleged
former regime informant in Aleppo Province.[54] The group
revealed a flyer on its Telegram channel that referred to as for people to
assassinate Ibrahim Mustafa al Ghazi al Alloush, an actual property
businessman primarily based in Aleppo Province.[55] Saraya Ansar al Sunnah has
primarily carried out assaults in Homs Province and has solely claimed two
assaults in Aleppo Province because it started conducting assaults in February
2025.[56] Its name for a lone wolf assault might replicate that the group
lacks a longtime community and operational capability in Aleppo.
A
militia referred to as the Ahrar al Jazeera Brigade claimed on April 13 that it
assassinated an SDF supporter and former regime informant in Qamishli,
Hasakah Province.[57] The group revealed a press release naming
seven extra people as targets and accused the people of
supporting the Assad regime and its “new militias,” possible referring to
the SDF.[58] It warned Syrians in opposition to cooperating with the SDF and
urged SDF fighters to defect and return to their villages. The group’s
id stays unclear. The group might have adopted the title of a
former opposition faction, Ahrar al Jazeera Brigade, which was a part of
the Free Syrian Military and fought Kurdish forces in Ras al Ain between
2012 and 2013.[59] The brand new group doesn’t use the identical iconography as
the previous Ahrar al Jazeera Brigade, nevertheless. The group‘s April 13
assertion featured the revolutionary Syrian flag, which means that
the group possible doesn’t oppose the transitional authorities.[60] It’s
additionally potential that the group is comprised of Arab tribesmen who maintain
grievances in opposition to the SDF.
The Syrian transitional authorities continues to safe vital financial assist from Arab nations.
Reuters reported on April 14 that Saudi Arabia pays Syria’s $15
million debt to the World Financial institution.[61] Paying this debt will allow the
transitional authorities to request extra monetary help from
the World Financial institution to assist rebuild its public sector. Reuters additionally reported
on April 12 that Syrian officers, together with Overseas Minister Asaad al
Shaibani, Finance Minister Mohammed Yosr Bernieh, and Central Financial institution
Governor Abdulkader Husrieh, will attend the Worldwide Financial
Fund-World Financial institution Spring Conferences in Washington, DC, between April 21 and
26.[62] Syrian President Ahmed al Shara individually mentioned efforts to
rebuild the Syrian financial system with Emirati President Sheikh Mohammed bin
Zayed Al Nahyan throughout a go to to Abu Dhabi on April 13.[63] These
studies are a part of ongoing financial and political assist from Arab
nations for Syria. Qatar not too long ago agreed to produce Syria with two
million cubic meters of pure fuel per day to assist increase the Syrian
electrical energy provide.[64]
Syrian President Ahmed al Shara
mentioned bilateral relations with Kurdistan Regional Authorities
President Nechirvan Barzani on the sidelines of the Antalya Discussion board in
Turkey on April 11.[65] Kurdish media reported that Barzani
emphasised the significance of Kurdish illustration within the Syrian
authorities throughout his assembly with Shara.[66]
Iraq
Axis of Resistance aims:
- Strengthen Iranian and Axis of Resistance affect over the Iraqi state and society
- Harden the Iraqi authorities in opposition to inside dissent
Iraqi
Shia nationalist cleric Muqtada al Sadr urged members of his militia,
Saraya al Salam, to replace their voter registration forward of the
November 2025 Iraqi parliamentary elections.[67] Sadr introduced
on March 27 that his Shia Nationalist Motion wouldn’t take part in
the elections.[68] Sadr’s message to Saraya al Salam members follows an
Iraqi media report on April 6 that “unspecified adjustments within the coming
months” may trigger Sadr to take part within the elections “immediately or
not directly.”[69]
Some Iraqi parliamentarians reportedly search to amend the Iraqi electoral regulation forward of the parliamentary elections.[70] The Iraqi federal authorities not too long ago introduced that the elections will proceed
below the present electoral regulation, regardless of State of Legislation Coalition head
Nouri al Maliki’s opposition to the present regulation.[71] Iraq’s present
electoral system allocates seats to political events in a approach that
usually disadvantages smaller events. A parliamentarian who reportedly
has ties to Iranian-backed Iraqi militias submitted a draft proposal to
parliament on April 1 to amend the electoral regulation.[72] Parliamentarian
Ahmed al Sharmani instructed Iraqi media on April 12 that parliament has the
authority to change the present electoral regulation.[73] Sharmani is a member
of the Emtidad Motion, which was established after the 2019 Iraqi
protest motion.[74] A member of the Sunni Azm Alliance, which is
headed by Muthanna al Samarrai, instructed Iraqi media on April 13 that Sunni
political events reject any modification to the present electoral regulation.[75]
Turkish
and Iraqi officers agreed to kind a joint committee to debate Syrian
internally displaced individuals (IDP) camps throughout a gathering on the
sidelines of the Antalya Discussion board on April 14.[76] Iraqi and
Turkish officers introduced that the committee will deal with points
associated to al Hol and al Roj camps.[77] The Iraqi federal authorities
recurrently repatriates Iraqi residents from al Hol camp.[78]
An
unspecified safety supply talking to Asaib Ahl al Haq-controlled
media reported that the Inside Ministry appointed Main Common Saad
al Halfi as head of the Iraqi Federal Police.[79] Halfi
beforehand served as commander of the Second Federal Police
Division.[80] Halfi changed Lieutenant Common Saleh al Ameri, who was
appointed as a technical advisor to the inside minister. The Iraqi
Federal Police companions with worldwide coalition forces to fight
ISIS below Operation Inherent [81]
Arabian Peninsula
Axis of Resistance aims:
- Harden the Houthi regime in opposition to inside dissent in Houthi-controlled areas
- Destroy the anti-Houthi opposition so as to management all of Yemen
- Erode Israeli will to proceed the warfare within the Gaza Strip
US
Central Command (CENTCOM) has carried out not less than 47 airstrikes
focusing on Houthi infrastructure and management in Houthi-controlled
areas of Yemen since April 11.[82] CENTCOM carried out not less than
three sorties of airstrikes focusing on reported Houthi weapons depots,
together with not less than three airstrikes focusing on Bani Cannabis District,
Sanaa Governorate, on April 11, not less than 5 airstrikes focusing on al
Sawmaa District, al Bayda Governorate, on April 12, and not less than three
airstrikes focusing on Bani Matar District, Sanaa Governorate, on April
13.[83] The Houthi Well being Ministry reported that the airstrikes on Bani
Matar District killed six people and injured 20 others.[84] CENTCOM
individually carried out not less than two airstrikes focusing on a probable Houthi
communications website in Baraa, jap Hudaydah Governorate.[85]
The
Houthis claimed that they’ve launched three drones and two ballistic
missiles at Israeli navy websites throughout Israel since April 11.[86] The
Houthis claimed that they launched two drones focusing on two Israeli
navy targets close to Tel Aviv on April 11.[87] The Israel Protection
Forces (IDF) intercepted a drone on April 11.[88] A Jordanian navy
supply instructed Yemeni media {that a} drone crashed in southern Jordan on
April 11.[89] The Houthis claimed that they launched two ballistic
missiles focusing on Israeli missile and drone launch websites at Sdot Micha
Base in Ashdod and Ben Gurion Airport in central Israel on April 13.[90]
The IDF intercepted one of many missiles.[91] The Houthis additionally claimed
on April 13 that they launched a drone focusing on an unspecified goal
in Ashkelon, southern Israel.[92] The IDF has not acknowledged this
drone assault on the time of this writing.
The Houthis individually claimed on April 13 that they shot down a US MQ-9 Reaper drone over Hajjah Governorate.[93] The Houthis claimed that they’ve shot down 19 US drones for the reason that begin of the October 7 Conflict.
The Palestinian Territories and Lebanon
Axis of Resistance aims:
- Erode the need of the Israeli political institution and public to maintain clearing operations within the Gaza Strip
- Reestablish Hamas because the governing authority within the Gaza Strip
- Rebuild and reestablish Hezbollah in southern Lebanon
- Set up the West Financial institution as a viable entrance in opposition to Israel
Nothing vital to report.
CTP-ISW
won’t be masking the brand new Israeli operation within the Gaza Strip. We
have reprioritized our Center East protection to concentrate on Iran’s nuclear
program, Iranian home safety, and Iranian efforts to rebuild its
networks into the Levant, together with the Palestinian Territories. Given
that Israel and its companions have destroyed Hamas’ navy group
and severed the group’s capability to resupply itself, we are actually targeted
on how Iran seeks to rebuild its traces of communication with Hezbollah
and Hamas by means of Syria.
Iranian Choice-Making, Inside Dynamics, and Overseas Coverage
The Iranian rial appreciated from 1,005,500 rials to 1 US greenback on April 11 to 879,000 on April 14. The
appreciation of the rial between April 11 and April 14 was largely due
to the nuclear talks that the US and Iran held in Oman on
April 12.[94]
The Iran Replace offers insights into Iranian
and Iranian-sponsored actions overseas that undermine regional
stability and threaten US forces and pursuits. It additionally covers occasions
and tendencies that have an effect on the steadiness and decision-making of the Iranian
regime. The Crucial Threats Undertaking (CTP) on the American Enterprise
Institute and the Institute for the Examine of Conflict (ISW) offers these
updates recurrently primarily based on regional occasions.
CTP-ISW
defines the “Axis of Resistance” because the unconventional alliance that
Iran has cultivated within the Center East for the reason that Islamic Republic got here
to energy in 1979. This transnational coalition is comprised of state,
semi-state, and non-state actors that cooperate to safe their
collective pursuits. Tehran considers itself to be each a part of the
alliance and its chief. Iran furnishes these teams with various ranges
of monetary, navy, and political assist in alternate for some
diploma of affect or management over their actions. Some are conventional
proxies which are extremely attentive to Iranian path, whereas others
are companions over which Iran exerts extra restricted affect. Members of
the Axis of Resistance are united by their grand strategic aims,
which embrace eroding and finally expelling American affect from
the Center East, destroying the Israeli state, or each. Pursuing these
aims and supporting the Axis of Resistance to these ends have
turn into cornerstones of Iranian regional technique.
[1] https://www.axios.com/2025/04/12/us-iran-begin-nucearl-talks-begin-oman
[2]
https://farsnews dot ir/Zahra_abbasy/1744563459660316922 ;
https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-iran-begin-high-stakes-nuclear-talks-in-oman-fc07cdce
[3] https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2021/10/20/revealed-how-biden-rejected-a-reasonable-way-forward-in-iran-deal-talks/
[4] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-iran-begin-high-stakes-nuclear-talks-in-oman-fc07cdce
[5] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-iran-begin-high-stakes-nuclear-talks-in-oman-fc07cdce
[6] https://2009-2017.state.gov/paperwork/group/245318.pdf
[7] https://www.reuters.com/enterprise/vitality/iaea-chief-sees-time-running-out-revive-iran-nuclear-deal-2025-02-14/
[8]
https://www.washingtonpost.com/information/monkey-cage/wp/2018/04/25/trump-doesnt-like-the-iran-deals-sunset-provisions-heres-how-to-fix-that/
; https://www.bbc.com/information/world-middle-east-41344366 ;
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html
[9]
https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-november-23-2024 ;
https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-november-22-2024-67411180b2f4f
[10] https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/element/technical-note-making-sense-out-of-the-ir-8-centrifuge/8
[11] https://2009-2017.state.gov/paperwork/group/245318.pdf ;
https://www.iaea.org/websites/default/recordsdata/25/03/gov2025-8.pdf ;
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-starts-enriching-uranium-with-advanced-ir-6-machines-underground-natanz-2022-08-29/
;
vii https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/why-irans-nuclear-advances-make-a-deal-harder-this-time-4c087097 ;
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iaea-reports-iranian-progress-uranium-metal-despite-western-
[12] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-iran-begin-high-stakes-nuclear-talks-in-oman
[13] https://www.foxnews.com/world/trump-says-iran-must-ditch-concept-nuclear-weapon-ahead-more-talks
[14]
https://x.com/JasonMBrodsky/standing/1911057024009359824 ;
https://mfa.gov dot ir/portal/newsview/764582;
https://x.com/BarakRavid/standing/1911114190472749259 ;
https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-says-he-expects-make-decision-iran-very-quickly-2025-04-14/
[15] https://defapress dot ir/fa/information/737872/
[16] https://x.com/BarakRavid/standing/1911114190472749259
[17] https://x.com/mehrnews_ir/standing/1911883423930823062
[18] https://mfa.gov dot ir/portal/newsview/764715
[19] https://www.khabaronline dot ir/information/2049732
[20] https://x.com/SharghDaily/standing/1911766658131034117
[21] https://www.chief dot ir/fa/content material/28139
[22] https://www.tasnimnews dot com/fa/information/1404/01/23/3289983
[23] https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-april-4-2025 ;
https://www.criticalthreats.org/evaluation/iran-update-april-7-2025
[24]
https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1911698620400755154 ;
https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1911699541214064736;
https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1911013142202556663 ;
https://x.com/NavvarSaban/standing/1911026145438417341 ;
https://t.me/AbomosaabSharkea/140941 ;
[25] https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
[26]
https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1911698620400755154
; https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1911699541214064736
;
https://x.com/DeirEzzore/standing/1911702937891434705
[27] https://x.com/Charles_Lister/standing/1906699793566445643
[28] https://apnews.com/article/syria-aleppo-sdf-sheikh-maksoud-achrafieh-withdrawal-9b8cd819c04b222a695455bb426f92df
[29] https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
[30] https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-10-2025
[31] https://isw.pub/IranUpdate040225
[32]
https://x.com/vvanwilgenburg/standing/1899162075223462355 ;
https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
;
https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-24-2025
[33] https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
[34] https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
[35] https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/04/syrian-kurd-commander-aleppo-power-sharing-deal-could-be-model-nation
[36] https://isw.pub/IranUpdate041025
[37] https://npasyria dot com/210271 ; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1911122576555855994
[38] https://www.syria dot television/عودة-الحلف-القديم-وتفعيل-قرارات-اجتماع-تركيا-فهيم-عيسى-قائداً-للفيلق-الثاني
[39] https://www.syria dot television/عودة-الحلف-القديم-وتفعيل-قرارات-اجتماع-تركيا-فهيم-عيسى-قائداً-للفيلق-الثاني
[40] https://www.syria dot television/عودة-الحلف-القديم-وتفعيل-قرارات-اجتماع-تركيا-فهيم-عيسى-قائداً-للفيلق-الثاني
[41] https://x.com/abo33amsha/standing/1903816904478798108 ; https://x.com/Seyfebubekir/standing/1886127717457740034
[42] https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/iici-syria/report-coi-syria-march2022
[43] https://x.com/Kalmuqdad/standing/1808912082064322760
[44] https://npasyria dot com/210442/
[45] https://www.syria dot television/200-دولار-للمتزوج-هل-بدأ-توحيد-الرواتب-في-الجيش-السوري؟
[46]
https://arabcenterdc.org/useful resource/a-new-syria-is-born-hopes-and-challenges/;
https://minutemirror.com.pk/why-did-syrian-army-surrender-so-quickly-317153/
;
[47] https://t.me/damascusv011/30530
[48] https://x.com/abdalmalekabod3/standing/1910748244084162710
[49] https://x.com/abdalmalekabod3/standing/1910748244084162710
[50] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1903768244650983866
[51]
https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1903768244650983866 ;
https://x.com/Seyfebubekir ;
https://dwelling.treasury.gov/information/press-releases/jy1699
[52] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1911820014912495777
[53] https://x.com/Daraa24_24/standing/1911820014912495777
[54] https://t.me/sraia5_5/569
[55] https://t.me/sraia5_5/569
[56] https://t.me/alaydiat/56 ; https://t.me/sraia5/20
[57] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1911459906181353585 ; https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1910443010996723905
[58] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1911459906181353585
[59]
https://net.archive.org/net/20140703224231/http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=55607
; https://www.zeit dot
de/politik/ausland/2013-02/syrien-ras-al-ayn-waffenstillstand/seite-2
[60] https://x.com/SOHEB2019/standing/1911459906181353585
[61] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-plans-pay-off-syrias-world-bank-debts-sources-say-2025-04-14/
[62]
https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-officials-plan-attend-imf-world-bank-meetings-washington-dc-sources-say-2025-04-12/
[63]
https://www.thenationalnews dot
com/information/uae/2025/04/13/syrian-leader-al-shara-lands-in-the-uae-for-first-visit/
; https://x.com/G_CSyria/standing/1911404266792628360
[64] https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-13-2025
[65] https://www.rudawarabia dot web/arabic/kurdistan/12042025 ; https://x.com/G_CSyria/standing/1910783518680203399
[66] https://www.rudawarabia dot web/arabic/kurdistan/12042025
[67]
https://shafaq dot
com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB5percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D9percent8ApercentD9percent88percentD8percentACpercentD9percent87-%D8percentB3percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D8percentA8percentD8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD8percentAB-%D8percentA8percentD8percentB7percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82percentD8percentA9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent86percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAEpercentD8percentA8-%D8percentADpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent89-%D9percent85percentD8percentB9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB7percentD8percentB9percentD8percentA9
[68]
https://x.com/salih_m_iraqi/standing/1905319183518150830 ;
https://www.shafaq dot
com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB5percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D9percent84percentD9percent86-%D8percentB4percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentAApercentD8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentACpercentD8percentA7-%D9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent85-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent81percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAF-%D9percent85percentD9percent88percentD8percentACpercentD9percent88percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7
[69]
https://www.shafaq dot
com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D9percent82percentD8percentAF-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB9percentD9percent88percentD8percentAF-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB5percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D9percent8ApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent81percentD8percentB6-%D8percentA7percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB5percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D8percentB3percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent84-%D9percent82percentD9percent86percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9percentD9percent87-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentB4percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD8percentA9-%D9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentAApercentD8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA
[70] https://baghdadtoday dot information/271990-.html
[71] https://www.ninanews dot com/Web site/Information/Particulars?key=1197003
[72]
https://www.alsumaria dot
television/information/politics/521029/%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent88percentD8percentABpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA6percentD9percent82-%D9percent85percentD9percent82percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD8percentAD-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB9percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent84-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB9-%D9percent84percentD9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentAApercentD8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA-%D9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent86percentD9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8-%D9percent88percentD9percent85percentD8percentACpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent85percentD8percentADpercentD8percentA7
[73] https://baghdadtoday dot information/271990-.html
[74]
https://www.fb.com/watch/?v=5864546833570030 ;
https://untoldmag.org/why-did-iraqs-2019-october-revolution-fail-a-retrospective/
[75]
https://shafaq dot
com/ar/%D8percentB3percentDBpercent8CpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentB3percentD8percentA9/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent83percentD8percentB4percentD9percent81-%D8percentB9percentD9percent86-%D9percent85percentD9percent88percentD9percent82percentD9percent81-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent82percentD9percent88percentD9percent89-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB3-%D9percent86percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D9percent85percentD9percent86-%D8percentAApercentD8percentB9percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD9percent84-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent88percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD8percentAApercentD8percentAEpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAA
;
https://www.wikiwand.com/ar/articles/%D8percentB7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84_percentD8percentAEpercentD8percentB6percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentB1_percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB2percentD9percent88percentD8percentA8percentD8percentB9percentD9percent8A
[76]
https://www.alsumaria dot
television/information/politics/522350/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAEpercentD8percentAApercentD8percentA7percentD9percent85percentD9percent8A-%D9percent84percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD8percentACpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA3percentD9percent85percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA8percentD9percent8ApercentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82-%D9percent88percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7
[77]
https://www.alsumaria dot
television/information/politics/522350/%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA8percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentAEpercentD8percentAApercentD8percentA7percentD9percent85percentD9percent8A-%D9percent84percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD8percentACpercentD8percentAApercentD9percent85percentD8percentA7percentD8percentB9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA3percentD9percent85percentD9percent86percentD9percent8A-%D8percentA8percentD9percent8ApercentD9percent86-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB9percentD8percentB1percentD8percentA7percentD9percent82-%D9percent88percentD8percentAApercentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA7
[78] https://www.rudaw dot web/english/middleeast/iraq/020420251
[79] https://www.alahad dot iq/?web page=article&itemId=220341
[80]
https://ninanews dot com/Web site/Information/Particulars?Key=1144045 ;
https://almutalee dot
com/information/%D9percent85percentD8percentB5percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentB1-%D8percentAApercentD9percent83percentD9percent84percentD9percent8ApercentD9percent81-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD9percent84percentD9percent88percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA1-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB1percentD9percent83percentD9percent86-%D8percentB3percentD8percentB9percentD8percentAF-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentADpercentD9percent84percentD9percent81percentD9percent8A-%D9percent82percentD8percentA7percentD8percentA6percentD8percentAFpercentD8percentA7-%D9percent84percentD9percent84percentD9percent81percentD8percentB1percentD9percent82percentD8percentA9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentABpercentD8percentA7percentD9percent86percentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA9-%D8percentA8percentD8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentB4percentD8percentB1percentD8percentB7percentD8percentA9-%D8percentA7percentD9percent84percentD8percentA7percentD8percentAApercentD8percentADpercentD8percentA7percentD8percentAFpercentD9percent8ApercentD8percentA
[81]
https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/IMAGERY/igphoto/2001708091/ ;
https://www.protection.gov/Multimedia/Pictures/igphoto/2001541080/ ;
https://www.protection.gov/Multimedia/Pictures/igphoto/2001842813/
[82] https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1910775804335968419
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1910776756761473099 ;
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1910776756761473099 ;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1910763771343122556;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1910780599612096721;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911156697198199074;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911157155505254760;
https://x.com/defenseliney/standing/1911158668617249271;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911158822112272440;
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1911215846204092624;
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1911215846204092624;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911400635217379465;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911493910826000864;
https://x.com/AlHadath/standing/1911502229468495952;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911506158969324012;
https://x.com/Alsakaniali/standing/1911512767439184297
[83]
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1910775804335968419;
https://x.com/AlHadath/standing/1910658456429744556 ;
https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911156697198199074 ;
https://x.com/tom_bike/standing/1911776859152392404 ;
https://x.com/AlHadath/standing/1911502229468495952
[84] https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1911530234018464233
[85] https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1910763771343122556 ; https://x.com/TvAlmasirah/standing/1910777086014377987
[86] https://t.me/army21ye/2812; https://t.me/army21ye/2820
[87] https://t.me/army21ye/2812
[88]https://x.com/idfonline/standing/1910746468488462843
[89] https://yemenfuture dot web/information/30577
[90] https://t.me/army21ye/2820
[91] https://x.com/idfonline/standing/1911445935038636544
[92] https://t.me/army21ye/2820
[93] https://t.me/army21ye/2827
[94] https://x.com/websterkaroon/standing/1911255386558242922 ;
https://x.com/tala_taslimi/standing/1911669387741839540
